HRDD is critical in humanitarian operations in Syria due to the complex interplay of conflict and post-conflict realities, governance challenges, and the involvement of multiple actors. These critical conditions originated from the grave human rights violations committed in Syria, mostly but not solely by the former Syrian government.[11] This tool was initially developed for use in Northwest Syriaโone of the most affected regions in the Syrian conflict, where various factions, including non-state armed groups, international actors, and de facto authorities, operated in a fragmented environment. After the fall of the Assad regime in December 2024, the geographic and substantive scope of the HRDD Tool has been revised. Along with governance changes, post-Assad Syria has seen new regional contestations involving state and non-state actors, as well as changing international NGO and IO involvement. These dynamics present significant risks of human rights violations, necessitating careful HRDD to ensure that humanitarian efforts do not exacerbate existing vulnerabilities or unintentionally support perpetrators of abuses.
One of the primary reasons HRDD is necessary is to mitigate the risk of human rights abuses in high-risk contexts. situations. The political transition following the fall of the Assad regime redrew the humanitarian map in Syria. The new conditions allowed for unifying the humanitarian action map across the country, increased access by removing barriers established by conflict lines, and allowed humanitarian organisations to expand their operations. On the other hand, new challenges arose that restricted humanitarian operations. Post-conflict governance is characterised by weak central government institutions efficiency, bureaucratic hurdles, organisational and operational licensing delays, funding constrictions, and unstable security conditions. The transitional government, as well as armed groups and factions, tend to variably control access to humanitarian aid, and without proper due diligence, there is a risk that aid could be diverted to support these groups, prolonging the conflict or contributing to further violations. HRDD could help humanitarian NGOs navigate these complex conditions and ensure that humanitarian projects are implemented in a manner that is as compliant as possible with international human rights and humanitarian law standards. Another crucial aspect of HRDD in Syria relates to the protection of civilians. The country is home to millions of displaced people who face a range of risks, including targeted violence, forced displacement, and inadequate access to essential services like healthcare and education.[12] By implementing HRDD, humanitarian NGOs can better assess the risks to these vulnerable populations and tailor their interventions to avoid contributing to further harm. This includes taking steps to ensure that aid distribution does not reinforce discriminatory practices or marginalize particular communities, especially in areas where ethnic or sectarian tensions are high.
Furthermore, HRDD is essential for maintaining the neutrality and legitimacy of humanitarian operations. In conflict-affected and high-risk settings, humanitarian NGOs are often viewed with suspicion by parties to the conflict, while facing at the same time varying levels of pressure from these authorities to comply with their policies or agendas, or affected communities themselves. A robust HRDD framework allows these organizations to demonstrate that they are operating in compliance with international human rights and humanitarian law, which can help build trust with local communities and minimize the risks of becoming targets of violence themselves.
Additionally, HRDD helps in ensuring accountability and transparency, which are critical in complex emergencies. Given the multiplicity of actors involved in humanitarian operationsโranging from international NGOs to local partners and private contractorsโthere is a need for strong oversight mechanisms. HRDD processes involve continuous monitoring, evaluation, and reporting, which ensures that all actors involved are adhering to human rights standards. This not only protects the beneficiaries but also safeguards the reputation and operational viability of humanitarian NGOs by ensuring that they are not implicated in human rights abuses.
11. Using โgovernmentโ in this report, instead of โregimeโ in reference to Bashar al-Assadโs regime in Syria is due to legal considerations. The term โgovernmentโ underscores the legal responsibilities of the State and does not constitute a political statement or endorse a political position. It highlights the Stateโs duties and obligations under international law, regardless of who is exercising government functions.
12. As of October 2024, Northwest Syria hosted 2 million IDPs living in camps, out of a total population of over 5 millions. OCHA, North-west Syria | Situation report (October 2024), available at <https://reports.unocha.org/en/country/syria/>