This Tool addresses the issue of HRDD in humanitarian operations in Syria. It brings together international law and humanitarian expertise to provide an in-depth analysis that aims to support the operations of humanitarian NGOs in Syria.
The Tool consists primarily of three sections: 1) HRDD in Syria, including its importance and its components; 2) the governing international legal frameworks; and 3) the HRDD Tool. The legal section provides an overview of the international legal frameworks, including international humanitarian law and international human rights law, that govern key human rights issues that may arise in humanitarian operations in Syria. It also addresses the legal responsibility of humanitarian NGOs to respect international law and human rights.
The desk research phase of the project mapped out the available literature on the impact of humanitarian operations on human rights in the region in the past decade. Available work focusses primarily on the issue of HLP rights violations and the protection from sexual exploitation and abuse and sexual harassment (PSEAH) in humanitarian settings. The issue of HLP rights has become increasingly a point of focus given the mass displacement into and out of the country during the years of the conflict. Tools such as the โHousing, Land and Property Rights in Shelter: Due Diligence Guidelines (Shelter Cluster)โ were developed to encourage humanitarian NGOs to avoid infringing on HLP rights in their projects.[4]
However, in order to provide a more comprehensive HRDD Tool, the literature review was supplemented with six interviews with leading Syrian NGOs in Northwest Syria who also have a wide expertise in the field. The interviews helped to identify the parameters of a sample to study and on which to build the tool. The sample includes examining a number of possible human rights risks including: HLP rights, SEAH, rights linked to harm to the environment, health and education related rights, children rights, and issues related to discrimination and community engagement. These issues were investigated in five sectors: Shelter, Protection, Healthcare, Education, and WASH. The revised version expanded the substantive scope to include three additional sectors: Food Security, Nutrition, and Early Recovery, based on consultations with Syrian humanitarian practitioners conducted JanuaryโFebruary 2026.
The data collection phase relied on the results of a questionnaire addressing the issues previously identified in the initial five sectors. The questionnaire was developed by an expert of humanitarian operations in Northwest Syria and received replies from 10 NGOs working in Northwest Syria. The results formed the base of the HRDD Tool. The survey covered various aspects of human rights considerations in humanitarian work, including organizational policies, accountability mechanisms, inclusion practices, and sector-specific concerns. It remains limited by its small size: four INGOs and six LNGOs. The surveyed organisations were among the largest operating in Northwest Syria and they covered the previously mentioned sectors of humanitarian operations. In addition, self-reported data remains subject to bias.
Additionally, the outcome of a validation workshop held in Gaziantep in November 2024, contributed to the HRDD Toolโs further development and refinement. The workshop served to 1) ensure a common understanding of the international legal framework applicable in Northwest Syria; 2) discuss key human rights issues that humanitarian organizations face while planning and implementing projects in the region; 3) identify existing mitigation strategies; and 4) present, test, and collect feedback on the HRDD Tool. A total of 21 representatives from 15 humanitarian organizations operating in Northwest Syria participated in the workshop.[5] The majority of participants (13 out of 15) reported being active in the protection sector, while eight organizations are involved in healthcare, eight in education, eight in shelter, and six in WASH. In addition, the validation workshop highlighted the importance of integrating the food security sector.
4. Global Shelter Cluster, Housing, Land and Property Rights in Shelter: Due Diligence Guideline (2024) available at <https://sheltercluster.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/public/docs/hlp_xb_turkey_due_diligence_guidelines_final.pdf>
5. Participating organizations are: Bahar Organization, Basmeh & Zeitooneh, Ghiras Al-Nahda, Ihsan Relief and Development, MedGlobal, Molham Volunteering Team, Muzun for Humanitarian & Development, Shafak Organisation, Sened Organization, Syrian Expatriates Medical Association (SEMA), The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), The Union of Medical Care and Relief Organizations (UOSSM), The White Helmets, Violet Organization, and Women Now for Development.