Post-Assad Syria remains a high-risk environment for humanitarian organisations due to governance fragmentation, economic hardships, and unresolved societal tensions. Authority is dispersed among central government, local actors and transitional bodies with weak regulatory clarity and limited accountability. This creates legal uncertainty, politicised access constraints, and heightened risks of interference, diversion, or instrumentalisation of aid. At the same time, the economy remains severely destabilised: damaged infrastructure, currency volatility, entrenched war-economy networks, and distorted supply chains expose humanitarian operations to inflation, corruption risks, and market manipulation. Societal fractures further compound these risks. Years of displacement, property confiscations, and demographic shifts have deepened grievances and weakened social cohesion. Return movements may trigger disputes over housing, land, and property (HLP) rights, while perceptions of unequal aid distribution can inflame local tensions.
Moreover, over a decade of armed conflict has seen a devastating combination of atrocities, mass displacement, geographical and political fragmentation, foreign interference and occupation, and natural disasters–all of which has left millions of Syrians reliant on humanitarian assistance for basic survival, affirming the critical role aid actors play in this context.[1] This context also increases the risk of widespread human rights abuses.
Considering this complex terrain, a principled, human rights-based approach to humanitarian assistance is a legal imperative. Humanitarian operations can inadvertently contribute to infringements of human rights or prolong vulnerabilities if assessments of risks, such as legal, social, and environmental ones, are not undertaken or consistently analyzed. The success of humanitarian operations is undermined by a reduced overall strategic planning, especially by the donors to these operations. It is also challenged by the increasing presence of the transitional government’s bureaucracy and planning. Changes in the power and funding dynamics for humanitarian response in Syria imposes limitations on the implemented projects and could increase adverse risks to human rights.[2] Potential harms to the human rights of affected communities may carry detrimental consequences not only in the short-term, but in the medium- and long- term as well.
To ensure that humanitarian operations do not unintentionally exacerbate harm or conflict dynamics, the integration of a heightened version of Human Rights Due Diligence (HRDD) throughout the project cycle is essential.[3] The tool produced in this report is designed to support the mainstreaming of a human rights lens during humanitarian project planning and implementation, assist humanitarians in their assessments of potential adverse human rights impacts in their operations, and to equip them with a solid understanding of relevant international law and human rights frameworks to their work. In doing so, it guides humanitarian NGOs through the application of heightened HRDD. This rigorous human rights assessment is not meant to add further restrictions to the complex humanitarian response in Syria, or add more checklist list requirements to humanitarian programmes. Instead, it seeks to support humanitarian NGOs in ensuring that their operations respect human rights and in further enhancing the support provided to local communities. The Tool also aims to provide humanitarian NGOs with the required legal knowledge to further facilitate the application of HRDD throughout their project cycles. It should be noted that reference to ‘human rights’ throughout the document and the Tool does not exclusively refer to IHRL. It also includes protections and prohibitions under the relevant and interlinked international law frameworks, namely IHL.
- According to OCHA’s figures, there are 4.2 millions in need out of 5.1 million living in the region. It is also host to 3.5 million IDPs and 1 million children out of school. OCHA, North-West Syria: Situation Report, (October 2024), available at <https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/syrian-arab-republic/north-west-syria-situation-report-18-october-2024-enar#:~:text=Years%20of%20conflict%2C%20repeated%20displacement,who%20suffer%20from%20severe%20disorders.>
- According to OCHA, the humanitarian response plan for Syria was less than a third funded in October 2024. OCHA, North West Syria: Response Plan, (October 2024), available at <https://reports.unocha.org/en/country/syria/>
- Heightened HRDD involves a rigorous process of identifying potential and actual adverse impacts not only on human rights, but on the broader conflict context and dynamics as well.