The landscape in Northwest Syria remains a very complex operational environment for humanitarian non-governmental organizations (NGOs).1 The very emergence of this particular region as a geographical target for humanitarian operations is indicative of the challenging context humanitarians are forced to navigate, and the inherent risks that permeate it. The earthquakes in Syria and Türkiye in 2023 added additional pressure on the region’s humanitarian response and demonstrated the need for an improved approach that addresses the human rights impacts of humanitarian operations.
Over a decade of armed conflict has seen a devastating combination of atrocities, mass displacement, geographical and political fragmentation, foreign interference and occupation, and natural disasters–all of which has left millions of Syrians reliant on humanitarian assistance for basic survival, affirming the critical role aid actors play in this context.2 This context also increases the risk of widespread human rights abuses.
Considering the complex terrain that is Northwest Syria, a principled, human rights-based approach to humanitarian assistance is a legal imperative. Humanitarian operations can sometimes inadvertently contribute to infringements of human rights or prolong vulnerabilities if assessments of risks, such as legal, social, and environmental ones, are not undertaken or consistently analyzed. The success of humanitarian operations is undermined by a reduced overall strategic planning, especially by the donors to these operations. A continuously reduced funding for humanitarian response in Northwest Syria imposes limitations on the implemented projects and could increase adverse risks to human rights. Potential harms to the human rights3 of affected communities may carry detrimental consequences not only in the short-term, but in the medium- and long- term as well.
To ensure that humanitarian operations do not unintentionally exacerbate harm or conflict dynamics, the integration of a heightened version of Human Rights Due Diligence (HRDD) throughout the project cycle is essential.4 This Tool is designed to support the mainstreaming of a human rights lens during humanitarian project planning and implementation, assist humanitarians in their assessments of potential adverse human rights impacts in their operations, and to equip them with a solid understanding of relevant international law and human rights frameworks to their work. In doing so, it guides humanitarian NGOs through the application of heightened HRDD. This rigorous human rights assessment is not meant to add further restrictions to the complex humanitarian response in Northwest Syria, or add more checklist list requirements to humanitarian programmes. Instead, it seeks to support humanitarian NGOs in ensuring that their operations respect human rights and in further enhancing the support provided to local communities. The Tool also aims to provide humanitarian NGOs with the required legal knowledge to further facilitate the application of HRDD throughout their project cycles. It should be noted that reference to ‘human rights’ throughout the document and the Tool does not exclusively refer to IHRL. It also includes protections and prohibitions under the relevant and interlinked international law frameworks, namely, IHL.
- This report was written before the fall of the Assad regime on 8 December 2024. It was meant to address human rights challenges in the humanitarian response environment of northwest Syria, which was outside the Assad regime’s control.
- According to OCHA’s figures, there are 4.2 millions in need out of 5.1 million living in the region. It is also host to 3.5 million IDPs and 1 million children out of school. OCHA, North-West Syria: Situation Report, (October 2024), available at <https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/syrian-arab-republic/north-west-syria-situation-report-18-october-2024-enar#:~:text=Years%20of%20conflict%2C%20repeated%20displacement,who%20suffer%20from%20severe%20disorders.>
- According to OCHA, the humanitarian response plan for Syria was less than a third funded in October 2024. OCHA, North West Syria: Response Plan, (October 2024), available at <https://reports.unocha.org/en/country/syria/>
- Heightened HRDD involves a rigorous process of identifying potential and actual adverse impacts not only on human rights, but on the broader conflict context and dynamics as well.