SLDP – HRDD Tool

Human Rights Due Diligence Tool

PCM PhaseNoRights/ProtectionsCategorySubcategoryIndicatorQuestionConsiderationsReference
1. Assessment (Situation Analysis)1.1Right to life; Right to equality and non-discrimination; Right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment; Freedom from torture, or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment; Right to an adequate standard of living.Cross-CuttingProtectionProportion of project target areas where comprehensive human rights risks are identified and analyzed, with risks categorized by severity level (high/medium/low) and affected population groupsHow comprehensive is the conflict analysis for Northwest Syria, including potential human rights impacts?Assess power structures, identify vulnerable groups (e.g., IDPs, religious minorities), analyze potential rights violations (e.g., arbitrary detention, forced displacement), and evaluate environmental impacts of conflict (e.g., destruction of infrastructure, contamination of water sources).UDHR Art. 1, 2; ICCPR Art. 6, 3, 26; ICESCR Art. 11; CRC Art. 6; UNCAT Art. 1, 16; UNGA Res 76/300; IHL's principles of distinction, humane treatment, and of non-discrimination, CIHL Rules 28, 29, 43, 50, 52, 55, 56, 93, 100, 131, 132, 133, and 136; SPHERE Protection Principles.
1. Assessment (Situation Analysis)1.2Right to life; Freedom from torture, or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment; Freedom of movementSector SpecificProtectionPercentage of project target areas with protection risk mapping completed, including clearly identified threat levels and vulnerable groupsWhat specific protection risks have been identified in Northwest Syria?Assess security threats from ongoing conflict, restrictions on freedom of movement due to checkpoints and frontlines, risks of forced displacement from military operations, prevalence of arbitrary detention by various armed groups, and instances of torture or ill-treatment in detention facilities.ICCPR Art. 6, 7, 9, 12; UNCAT Art. 1, 16; IHL's principle of humane treatment and CIHL Rules 56, 93, and 129; SPHERE Protection Principles
1. Assessment (Situation Analysis)1.3Right to equality and non-discriminationCross-CuttingDo No HarmNumber of barriers to service access identified per vulnerable group (women, elderly, disabled, minorities) with corresponding severity ratingHow thoroughly have the needs and risks unique to vulnerable groups in Northwest Syria been assessed?Identify specific vulnerabilities of IDPs (e.g., lack of documentation, such as birth certificates or national IDs, which restricts access to healthcare and education; multiple displacements, as seen in Northwest Syria, where families are repeatedly uprooted due to conflict), ethnic/religious minorities (e.g., discrimination in aid distribution, such as Kurdish communities being deprioritized in humanitarian assistance; targeted violence), and persons with disabilities (e.g., lack of accessible services, such as WASH facilities unsuitable for those with mobility challenges in IDP camps; limited access to assistive devices, leaving many unable to navigate rough terrain) that prevent these groups from accessing aid.CEDAW, CRC, CRPD, ICESCR Art. 2, 3; IHL's principles of non-discrimination and of impartiality and CIHL Rules 134, 135, and 138; SPHERE Core Standards,
1. Assessment (Situation Analysis)1.4Right to equality and non-discriminationCross-CuttingGender, Equality and InclusionPercentage of female beneficiaries reporting barriers to accessing servicesHow comprehensive is the gender analysis for Northwest Syria?Examine gender roles in the context of displacement and conflict, assess GBV risks (e.g., early marriage in IDP camps), evaluate women's participation in decision-making processes, and analyze gender-specific barriers to accessing services (e.g., lack of female healthcare providers).CEDAW, UNSCR 1325; IHL's principles of humane treatment and non-discrimination and CIHL Rule 134; IASC Gender Handbook,
1. Assessment (Situation Analysis)1.5Right to own property; Right to adequate housingSector SpecificShelter/HLPNumber of active HLP disputes affecting project implementation areas, categorized by type and severityHow thoroughly have Housing, Land and Property (HLP) rights issues been assessed in Northwest Syria?Investigate land ownership disputes arising from multiple displacements, assess risks of forced evictions in areas under different control, document property destruction or seizure due to conflict, and identify documentation issues preventing persons, including IDPs and other vulnerable groups, from claiming property rights.UDHR Art. 17; CEDAW Art.15, 16; CRPD Art. 12; ICESCR Art. 11(1); IHL's principle of distinction and IHL's prohibition of pillage, CIHL Rules 50, 51, 52, and 133; Pinheiro Principles; NRC Housing, Land and Property Rights
1. Assessment (Situation Analysis)1.6Right to equality and non-discriminationCross-CuttingProtectionPercentage of undocumented persons who are unable to access aidHow comprehensive is the assessment of civil documentation needs in Northwest Syria?Evaluate the extent of missing documentation due to displacement or conflict, assess how lack of documents impacts access to services (e.g., education, healthcare), and analyze restrictions on freedom of movement due to checkpoint systems requiring specific documentation.UDHR Art. 6, ICCPR Art. 3, 26; IHL's principles of humane treatment and of non-discrimination and CIHL Rule 55; UNHCR Emergency Handbook
1. Assessment (Situation Analysis)1.7Right to education; Protection from child labour; Protection from recruitment or participation of children in hostilitiesSector SpecificChild ProtectionPercentage of children in target area exposed to specific protection risks, categorized by risk type and age groupHow thorough is the child protection risk assessment for Northwest Syria?Assess risks of family separation during displacement, evaluate the prevalence of child recruitment by armed groups, analyze barriers to education access in conflict-affected areas, and investigate child labour risks in IDP camps and host communities.ICESCR Art. 10(3), 13; CRC Art. 19, 28, 32, 38; IHL's principles of humane treatment and non-discrimination and CIHL Rules 131 and 136;Child Protection Minimum Standards (CPMS)
1. Assessment (Situation Analysis)1.8Right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment;Right to development; Right to healthCross-CuttingEnvironmental ProtectionNumber of identified environmental risks with potential human rights impacts, ranked by severity and likelihoodHow comprehensive is the environmental impact assessment for Northwest Syria?Evaluate resource depletion (e.g., water resources in IDP camps), assess waste management challenges in areas with damaged infrastructure, analyze pollution risks from conflict-related activities. Evaluate damage to the natural environment due to hostilities.UNGA Res 76/300, ICESCR Art. 1(1),12; ICCPR Art 1(1); IHL's principles of distinction, proportionality, and precaution and CIHL Rules 43, 44, and 45; SPHERE Environmental Standards
1. Assessment (Situation Analysis)1.9Right to healthSector SpecificHealthPercentage of identified MHPSS cases assessed to determine needs, barriers to support, and potential intervention strategies, categorized by type of required interventionHow thorough is the Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) needs assessment for Northwest Syria?Assess prevalence of trauma related to conflict and displacement, evaluate availability and capacity of MHPSS services in different areas, analyze cultural attitudes towards mental health that may affect service uptake, and identify integration needs with other humanitarian sectors.ICESCR Art. 12, CRPD Art. 25; IHL's principle of non-discrimination and CIHL Rule 55; IASC MHPSS Guidelines
1. Assessment (Situation Analysis)1.1Right to developmentCross-CuttingAAPPercentage of service gaps identified and analyzed to determine capacity-building needs and opportunities, categorized by sectorHow comprehensive is the assessment of local capacity and resources in Northwest Syria?Evaluate the capacity of local NGOs operating in different areas of control, assess community structures that can support humanitarian response, identify available skills within displaced and host communities, and analyze resource gaps that may hinder effective response.ICESCR Art. 1(1), ICCPR Art. 1(1); CHS Commitment 3
1. Assessment (Situation Analysis)1.11Right of access to informationCross-CuttingAAPPercentage of target population with access to critical information through diverse channels, assessed monthly and disaggregated by demographic groupsHow thorough is the assessment of information needs and access in Northwest Syria?Examine primary information sources used by different communities, assess literacy rates among displaced and host populations, identify language barriers (e.g., Kurdish-speaking minorities), and evaluate access to technology for information dissemination in different areas.ICCPR Art. 19, UDHR Art. 19; IHL's principle of non-discrimination and impartiality; CIHL Rule 55; SPHERE Core Standard 4
1. Assessment (Situation Analysis)1.12Right to an adequate standard of living (food)Sector SpecificFood SecurityPercentage of food-insecure households receiving targeted assistance, measured monthly and categorized by intervention type and impact on food security statusHow comprehensive is the food security assessment for Northwest Syria?Analyze market access challenges due to conflict lines and checkpoints, assess impact of economic crisis and currency depreciation on food prices, evaluate local food availability in different areas of control, consider cultural food preferences of diverse communities, and assess religious requirements (e.g., halal food) in aid provision, gather information on percentage of food-insecure households receiving targeted assistance.ICESCR Art. 11(1); IHL’s principles of humane treatment and of non-discrimination; SPHERE Food Security Standards
1. Assessment (Situation Analysis)1.13Right to water and sanitationSector SpecificWASHPercentage of WASH facilities assessed to identify gaps in meeting minimum safety and adequacy standards, with findings categorized by facility type.How thorough is the assessment of WASH needs and barriers in IDP settlements across Northwest Syria?Evaluate water availability in different IDP settlements, considering seasonal variations and conflict-related infrastructure damage. Assess sanitation infrastructure in formal and informal camps, analyze gender-specific WASH needs (e.g., menstrual hygiene management), and evaluate environmental impact of current WASH practices on scarce water resources.ICESCR Art. 11(1), 12; IHL's principles of humane treatment and non-discrimination and CIHL Rules 134, 135 and 138; UNGA Res 64/292; SPHERE WASH Standards;
1. Assessment (Situation Analysis)1.14Right to private and family life Sector SpecificProtectionPercentage of separated families identified and assessed to determine their needs, barriers to reunification, and appropriate support options.How comprehensive is the assessment of family separation risks in Northwest Syria?Analyze displacement patterns that may lead to family separation, assess documentation issues that prevent family reunification across conflict lines, evaluate the situation of unaccompanied minors in IDP camps, and assess the capacity and challenges of existing family tracing mechanisms in the complex political landscape.ICCPR Art. 17, 23; CIHL Rule 131; CPMS Standard 13
1. Assessment (Situation Analysis)1.15Right to lifeCrose-CuttingDo No HarmPercentage of high-risk areas identified and assessed to determine vulnerabilities, threats, and the need for civilian protection measuresHow comprehensive is the assessment of risks related to chemical weapons use and siege tactics in Northwest Syria?Evaluate the prevalence of chemical weapons attacks in the region, assess the capacity of local health facilities to respond to such attacks, analyze the impact of siege tactics on civilian access to essential goods and services, and identify vulnerable populations at heightened risk.IHL's principles of distinction, precaution, and proportionality and CIHL Rules 53, 70 and 74; Geneva Protocol 1925; Chemical Weapons Convention; UNSC Res 2139.
1. Assessment (Situation Analysis)1.16Protection from child marriage; Protection from child labour; Right to education; Protection from recruitment or participation of children in hostilitiesSector SpecificChild ProtectionPercentage of identified child protection cases analyzed to determine the type of violation, priority needs, and appropriate intervention strategiesHow thorough is the assessment of child recruitment by armed groups and early marriage practices in Northwest Syria?Analyze patterns of child recruitment, including push and pull factors, assess the prevalence of early marriage among displaced populations, evaluate the impact on children's access to education, and identify community-based protection mechanisms.CRC Art. 38; CEDAW Art. 16; CIHL Rules 136 and 137; CPMS Standard 12
1. Assessment (Situation Analysis)1.17Right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment;Right to health;Right to developmentCross-CuttingEnvironmental ProtectionNumber of identified environmental hotspots evaluated for potential risks and mitigation strategies, with an emphasis on anticipated impacts on affected populations.How comprehensive is the assessment of environmental rights and impacts in Northwest Syria, considering the protracted nature of the conflict?Evaluate long-term environmental degradation due to conflict, assess the impact of displacement on natural resources, analyze climate change vulnerabilities specific to the region, and identify opportunities for sustainable resource management in humanitarian programming.ICESCR Art. 1, 12; ICCPR Art. 1(1); UNGA Res 76/300; CIHL Rules 43, 44, and 45; UNEP Environmental Peacebuilding principles; SPHERE Environmental Standards
2. Design (Planning)2.1 Freedom of movementSector SpecificProtectionPercentage of high-priority protection risks with implemented and monitored mitigation measures, evaluated regularly for effectivenessHow does the project design address specific protection risks identified in Northwest Syria?Develop measures to address arbitrary detention risks, create strategies to mitigate forced recruitment, especially of youth. Plan interventions to address restrictions on freedom of movement due to checkpoints.ICCPR 12; UDHR Art. 13; SPHERE Protection Principles
2. Design (Planning)2.2Right to equality and non-discriminationCross-CuttingGender, Equality and InclusionPercentage of vulnerable individuals experiencing reduced barriers or enhanced availability and quality of services following the implementation of targeted support measures, assessed semi-annually through structured feedback and service utilization data.How comprehensively does the project design incorporate support for vulnerable groups in Northwest Syria?Include tailored assistance for female-headed households, considering their increased economic vulnerability. Design accessibility measures for persons with disabilities, accounting for the challenging terrain and damaged infrastructure. Develop special protections for unaccompanied minors, addressing risks of exploitation and recruitment. Plan targeted support for the elderly, including elderly IDPs, considering their specific health and mobility needs in displacement contexts.UDHR Art. 6, ICCPR Art. 3, 16 26; CRPD Art. 11; CEDAW; IHL's principles of humane treatment. non-discrimination. and impartiality; CIHL Rules 134 and 138; SPHERE Core Standards
2. Design (Planning)2.3Right to equality and non-discriminationCross-CuttingGender, Equality and InclusionPercentage of staff and partners trained on and implementing non-discrimination protocols, assessed quarterly through spot checks and beneficiary feedbackHow does the project design ensure non-discrimination in service provision across Northwest Syria?Plan for equitable access across different ethnic groups, considering historical tensions and current power dynamics. Develop measures to prevent discrimination based on political affiliation, particularly in areas with competing governance structures. Design strategies to reach marginalized communities, including those in remote or besieged areas.UDHR Art. 6, ICCPR Art. 3, 16 26; IHL’s principles of humane treatment, non-discrimination, and impartiality; CIHL Rule 53; SPHERE Core Standard 1
2. Design (Planning)2.4Right to own property; Right to adequate housingCross-CuttingAAPPercentage of undocumented beneficiaries successfully accessing services through alternative verification methods, tracked monthly by service typeHow does the project design address civil documentation issues specific to Northwest Syria?Include support for obtaining or replacing lost documents, design alternative verification methods for accessing services, plan advocacy strategies with de facto authorities on documentation issues.UDHR Art. 6, 17; ICESCR Art. 11(1); CEDAW Art. 15, 16; CRPD Art. 12; CIHL Rules 50, 51 (applicable in the context of belligerent occupation), 52, and 133; UNHCR Emergency Handbook
2. Design (Planning)2.5Right to equality and non-discriminationSector SpecificProtectionPercentage reduction in reported GBV incidents following implementation of risk mitigation measures, assessed quarterly in project locationsHow comprehensively does the project design address GBV risks in Northwest Syria?Plan for safe spaces for women and girls, considering the increased risks in displacement settings. Design GBV response services adapted to the local context, including cultural sensitivities and access challenges. Develop community-based protection mechanisms, leveraging existing social structures. Create male engagement strategies to address root causes of GBV in the context of conflict and displacement.CEDAW; UNSCR 1325; IHL’s principles of humane treatment and of non-discrimination and CIHL Rules 104 (pertaining to respect of convictions and religious practices), 131, and 134; IASC GBV Guidelines
2. Design (Planning)2.6Right to education; Protection from child labour; Protection from recruitment or participation of children in hostilitiesSector SpecificChild ProtectionPercentage of project components with fully implemented and monitored child protection measures, evaluated quarterly for effectivenessHow thoroughly are child protection measures integrated into the project design for Northwest Syria?Include education in emergencies programming, addressing the high rates of out-of-school children. Design family reunification services, considering the complexities of cross-line and cross-border tracing. Plan psychosocial support for children affected by conflict, addressing trauma and stress. Develop prevention strategies for child recruitment, considering the proximity to armed groups in many areas.ICESCR Art. 13; CRC Art. 19, 28, 32, 38; IHL’s principles of humane treatment and of non-discrimination; CIHL Rules 135, 136, and 137; CPMS; INEE Minimum Standards
2. Design (Planning)2.7Freedom from torture, or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment; Right to an adequate standard of living; Protection from child labour; Protection from recruitment or participation of children in hostilitiesCross-CuttingDo No HarmPercentage of suppliers meeting human rights compliance standards, assessed annually through third-party auditsHow does the procurement plan address human rights risks specific to Northwest Syria?Design vetting processes for suppliers, checking for links to armed groups or sanctioned entities. Conduct due diligence on land acquisition for project sites, considering the complex property rights issues in conflict-affected areas. Ensure labour rights compliance in local hiring, addressing risks of exploitation in a context of limited economic opportunities.ICCPR Art. 7; UNCAT; ICESCR Art. 10(3) and Art. 11(1); CRC Art. 32; UDHR Art. 17; IHL’s principles of humane treatment and non-discrimination and CIHL Rules 50, 51 (applicable in the context of belligerent occupation), 52, 90, 135, 136 and 137; UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights; CHS Commitment 7; SPHERE Core Standards
2. Design (Planning)2.8Right to own property; Right to adequate housingSector SpecificShelter/HLPPercentage of HLP-related disputes successfully resolved through project-supported mechanisms, tracked monthly and categorized by type of disputeHow comprehensively are HLP rights considerations integrated into the project design for Northwest Syria?Plan support for IDPs in securing tenure rights, design mechanisms to address property disputes, and develop safeguards against forced evictions.UDHR Art. 17; CEDAW Art. 15, 16; CRPD Art. 12; ICESCR Art. 11(1); CIHL Rules 50, 51 (applicable in the context of belligerent occupation), 52, and 133; Pinheiro Principles;; NRC Housing, Land and Property Rights
2. Design (Planning)2.9Right of access to informationCross-CuttingAAPPercentage of community feedback leading to documented project adaptations, analyzed monthly and disaggregated by feedback type and sourceHow will affected populations be meaningfully consulted throughout the project cycle in Northwest Syria?Design regular community feedback mechanisms, considering access and security challenges in different areas. Develop inclusive participation strategies that account for power dynamics and marginalized groups. Plan conflict-sensitive consultation methods that do not exacerbate tensions between host communities and IDPs or between different ethnic or political groups.ICCPR Art. 19; UDHR Art. 19; IHL’s principles of non-discrimination and impartiality; CIHL Rule 55; CHS Commitment 4
2. Design (Planning)2.1Right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment;Right to health; Right to developmentCross-CuttingEnvironmental ProtectionPercentage reduction in negative environmental impacts following implementation of mitigation measures, assessed bi-annually through environmental auditsHow comprehensively does the project design address environmental impacts in Northwest Syria?Plan for sustainable water resource management, considering the strain on resources due to displacement and conflict. Design waste management solutions for IDP camps, addressing the environmental and health risks of improper disposal. Develop energy-efficient shelter solutions, considering the limited electricity supply in many areas. Plan for environmental impact assessments that account for the cumulative effects of prolonged conflict and displacement.UNGA Res 76/300; ICESCR Art. 1(1), 12; CIHL Rule 131; SPHERE Environmental Standards
2. Design (Planning)2.11Freedom from torture, or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment; Protection from child labour;Protection from recruitment or participation of children in hostilitiesCross-CuttingDo No HarmPercentage of suppliers demonstrating improved human rights compliance after implementation of contractual checkpoints, evaluated annuallyHow comprehensive is the plan for ongoing human rights monitoring of suppliers in Northwest Syria?Design regular audit processes for local partners, considering the challenges of operating in a complex and changing environment. Develop human rights clauses for contracts that address the specific risks in Northwest Syria. Plan capacity building on human rights for suppliers, focusing on the most relevant issues in the local context.ICCPR Art. 7; UNCAT; ICESCR Art. 10(3); CRC Art. 32; IHL’s principles of humane treatment and of non-discrimination and CIHL Rules 90, 135, 136 and 137; UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights; CHS Commitment 7; SPHERE Core Standards
2. Design (Planning)2.12Right to adequate foodSector SpecificFood SecurityPercentage of beneficiaries reporting improved food security without increased protection risks, measured quarterly through household surveysHow does the project design ensure food security in Northwest Syria?Plan for a diverse food basket that reflects local preferences and addresses nutritional needs. Design support for local agriculture, considering the impact of conflict on farming practices and land access. Develop cash/voucher programs adapted to local market conditions and inflation rates. Plan nutrition interventions for vulnerable groups, addressing the specific challenges of malnutrition in a protracted crisis.ICESCR Art. 11; CIHL Rule 104; SPHERE Food Security Standards
2. Design (Planning)2.13Right to water and sanitation;Right to healthSector SpecificWASHPercentage of users reporting increased safety and dignity when using WASH facilities, assessed quarterly through gender-disaggregated surveysHow comprehensively are WASH services designed to meet needs in Northwest Syria?Plan water trucking for underserved areas, design sanitation solutions for informal settlements, develop hygiene promotion adapted to local practices and beliefs.ICESCR Art. 11(1), 12; IHL’s principles of humane treatment and of non-discrimination; CIHL Rules 131, 134, 135 and 138; UNGA Res 64/292; SPHERE WASH Standards
2. Design (Planning)2.14Right to education; Protection from child labourSector SpecificEducationPercentage increase in school attendance rates following implementation of safety and accessibility measures, tracked monthly and disaggregated by gender and disability statusHow does the project design ensure safe education access in Northwest Syria?Plan mobile or home-based learning options, addressing the risks of targeted attacks on schools. Design catch-up classes for out-of-school children, considering the years of education lost due to conflict. Develop teacher training on psychosocial support, addressing the trauma experienced by both educators and students. Plan school rehabilitation with safety features, considering the risks of unexploded ordnance and potential airstrikes.CRC Art. 28, 29; IHL’s principles of humane treatment and of non-discrimination; CIHL Rules 135 and 138; ICESCR Art. 10(3), 13; INEE Minimum Standards
2. Design (Planning)2.15Right to healthSector SpecificHealthPercentage of target population reporting improved access to essential health services after strategy implementation, evaluated semi-annuallyHow comprehensively are health services designed to overcome barriers in Northwest Syria?Plan for mobile clinics to reach remote areas, considering the destruction of health infrastructure and security risks. Design telemedicine options to provide specialist care in areas lacking qualified personnel. Develop support programs for local health workers, addressing the brain drain caused by conflict. Plan for the integration of mental health services, considering the high prevalence of trauma and stress disorders. Ensure cultural and religious sensitivity in service provision, particularly regarding gender norms in healthcare access.ICESCR Art. 12; IHL’s principles of humane treatment, non-discrimination, and impartiality; CIHL Rules 25, 26, 28, 29, 30 134, 135, and 138; SPHERE Health Standards
2. Design (Planning)2.16Right to equality and non-discriminationCross-CuttingGender, Equality and InclusionPercentage increase in women's income and economic participation following implementation of empowerment measures, assessed annuallyHow comprehensively does the project design incorporate gender-sensitive planning beyond GBV prevention?Include measures to promote women's economic empowerment, such as vocational training programs, microfinance initiatives, and support for women-led businesses. Design strategies to ensure women's meaningful participation in leadership roles and community governance structures. Consider quotas for women's representation in project committees and develop leadership training programs.CEDAW Art. 3, 7, 11; IHL’s principles of humane treatment and non-discrimination; CIHL Rule 134; UNSCR 1325; SPHERE Core Standards
2. Design (Planning)2.17Right to an effective remedyCross-CuttingAAPPercentage of advocacy engagements resulting in documented improvements in human rights practices by local authorities, tracked quarterlyHow does the project design account for the human rights obligations of de facto authorities, particularly regarding justice and reparations?Consider strategies for engaging with de facto authorities on human rights issues, plan for advocacy on access to justice for victims of violations, design support mechanisms for documentation of abuses, and develop approaches for promoting accountability within the constraints of the operational context.UDHR Art. 8; ICCPR Art. 2; CIHL Rule 139; UN Basic Principles on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation
2. Design (Planning)2.18Multiple rightsCross-CuttingProtectionPercentage of project outcomes meeting or exceeding adapted Sphere standards, evaluated annually through third-party assessmentsHow comprehensively does the project design incorporate existing humanitarian standards familiar to organizations operating in Northwest Syria?Ensure alignment with Sphere Standards, Core Humanitarian Standards, and sector-specific guidelines (e.g., INEE Minimum Standards for Education). Consider how these standards can be adapted to the specific context of Northwest Syria while maintaining their core principles.Sphere Handbook; Core Humanitarian Standard; INEE Minimum Standards; IASC Guidelines
3. Implementation3.1Right to healthSector SpecificHealthPercentage of high-priority protection risks with mitigation measures implemented and effectiveness monitored quarterly, aiming for 80% coverage within 6 monthsHow effectively is MHPSS being integrated across sectors in Northwest Syria?Implement MHPSS training for frontline workers across sectors. Establish referral pathways between MHPSS services and other humanitarian interventions. Monitor the uptake and effectiveness of integrated MHPSS services, adapting approaches based on community feedback and cultural considerations.ICESCR Art. 12; IHL’s principles of humane treatment and non-discrimination; CIHL 134, 135, and 138; IASC MHPSS Guidelines
3. Implementation3.2Right to equality and non-discriminationCross-CuttingGender, Equality and InclusionPercentage of identified vulnerable individuals accessing at least one tailored support service within 30 days, disaggregated by group (e.g., women, children, disabled), with a target of 75% coverageHow comprehensively are support measures for vulnerable groups being implemented in Northwest Syria, including safety considerations in shelters?Track service accessibility for specific groups (e.g., female-headed households, persons with disabilities, elderly IDPs). Assess the effectiveness of special assistance provision (e.g., targeted aid for unaccompanied minors). Evaluate feedback mechanisms' responsiveness to vulnerable groups' needs. Monitor adaptation of services to meet changing needs. Ensure safety measures in shelters address gender-based violence risks and accessibility for persons with disabilities.CRPD Art. 11;CEDAW; ICESCR Art. 2, 3; UDHR Art. 1, 2, 3; ICCPR Art. 26; IHL’s principles of humane treatment and non-discrimination; CIHL Rules 55, 131, 134, 135, and 138; SPHERE Core Standards
3. Implementation3.3Right to equality and non-discriminationCross-CuttingAAPPercentage of beneficiaries reporting non-discriminatory access to services, measured monthly through surveys, aiming for 90% positive responses across all demographic groupsHow effectively are services being provided without discrimination based on displacement status, ethnicity, or political affiliation in Northwest Syria?Ensure equal access to services across different ethnic groups and political affiliations, particularly in areas with diverse populations or changing control. Implement and monitor fair distribution mechanisms that prevent favoritism or exclusion. Maintain transparent selection criteria for aid recipients and communicate these clearly to affected populations.ICCPR Art. 26; ICESCR Art. 2; UDHR Art. 2; IHL’s principles of humane treatment, non-discrimination, and impartiality; CIHL Rules 55, 131, 134, 135, and 138; SPHERE Core Standard 1
3. Implementation3.4Right to equality and non-discriminationCross-CuttingProtectionPercentage of undocumented individuals successfully accessing services through alternative verification methods, tracked monthly, with a target of 70% access rate within 3 monthsHow comprehensively are measures being implemented to assist beneficiaries lacking civil documentation in Northwest Syria?Implement alternative verification methods that allow undocumented individuals to access services. Conduct advocacy with de facto authorities on documentation issues, considering the complex political landscape. Provide legal assistance referrals for those facing documentation challenges. Consider the specific needs of IDPs who may have lost documents during multiple displacements.UDHR Art. 6; ICCPR Art. 16; IHL’s principles of humane treatment and non-discrimination; CIHL Rules 55, 56, and 131; UNHCR Emergency Handbook
3. Implementation3.5Right to equality and non-discrimination; Freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishmentSector SpecificProtectionPercentage of reported GBV cases receiving response services within 72 hours, tracked weekly, aiming for 85% response rateHow effectively are GBV prevention and response measures being implemented in Northwest Syria?Establish and maintain safe reporting mechanisms adapted to the local context. Ensure functional referral pathways that consider the fragmented health system. Provide regular staff training on GBV prevention and response, including cultural sensitivity. Implement community-based protection mechanisms that engage local leaders. Develop and implement male engagement strategies to address root causes of GBV.UNCAT; ICCPR Art. 7; CEDAW; UNSCR 1325; ICESCR Art. 3; IHL’s principles of humane treatment and non-discrimination; CIHL Rules 93 and 134; IASC GBV Guidelines
3. Implementation3.6Right to education; Protection from child labourSector SpecificChild ProtectionNumber of children benefiting from child protection measures, disaggregated by type of intervention (e.g., education, psychosocial support)How comprehensively are child protection measures being mainstreamed across activities in Northwest Syria, including safety in shelters?Establish safe spaces in shelters and community areas, implement family separation prevention measures, ensure access to education, including alternative learning programs.ICESCR Art. 10(3), 13; CRC Art. 28, 32, 38; ICESCR Art. 10; IHL’s principles of humane treatment and non-discrimination; CIHL Rules 131 and 135; CPMS
3. Implementation3.7Right to an adequate standard of living; Protection from child labourCross-CuttingDo No HarmPercentage of new suppliers to undergo human rights vetting before contract approval, with annual re-assessments of existing suppliersHow thoroughly have suppliers entering the tender been vetted against the risk of human rights abuses in the context of Northwest Syria?Conduct thorough vetting of suppliers' connections to de facto authorities or armed groups known for human rights violations. Investigate any involvement in HLP rights violations, particularly in areas with frequent property disputes. Check for use of child labour in the supply chain, considering the economic pressures on families in the region. Assess any support to human rights abuses through financial or material donations to parties to the conflict.ICCPR Art. 7; UNCAT; ICESCR Art. 10(3); CRC Art. 32; IHL’s principles of humane treatment, non-discrimination, and impartiality; CIHL Rules 50, 51, 52, 133; UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights; CHS Commitment 7; SPHERE Core Standards
3. Implementation3.8Right to own property; Right to adequate housingSector SpecificShelter/HLPNumber of HLP rights violations addressed through project mechanisms, with documented outcomesHow effectively is the system for monitoring HLP rights throughout project implementation functioning in Northwest Syria?Ensure a monitoring system is established at project start that considers the complex property rights situation in NW Syria. Implement a mechanism to address HLP issues as they arise, including disputes related to multiple displacements or destruction of property records. Document trends in HLP violations and their impact on project implementation.UDHR Art. 17; ICESCR Art. 11(1); CEDAW Art. 15, 16; CRPD Art. 12; IHL’s principles of humane treatment and non-discrimination; CIHL Rules 50, 51, 52, 133, 134, 135, and 138; Pinheiro Principles;NRC Housing, Land and Property Rights
3. Implementation3.9Right of access to informationCross-CuttingAAPFrequency and quality of community consultations conducted, with participation rates disaggregated by gender and vulnerability statusHow comprehensively is the process for ongoing consultation with affected populations being implemented during project implementation in Northwest Syria?Conduct regular feedback sessions that are accessible and safe for all groups, including women and marginalized communities. Implement mechanisms to incorporate community input into project adjustments, considering the rapidly changing context. Document how consultation informs project decisions and communicate this back to the community. Ensure consultation methods are conflict-sensitive and do not exacerbate local tensions.ICCPR Art. 19; UDHR Art. 19; IHL’s principles of humane treatment and non-discrimination; CHS Commitment 4
3. Implementation3.1Right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment; Right to health; Right to developmentCross-CuttingEnvironmental ProtectionPercentage of projects with documented environmental impact assessments and mitigation plans that are regularly updated and adapted to local conditions.How effectively are environmental impacts being monitored and mitigated in Northwest Syria?Monitor waste management practices, particularly in IDP camps with limited infrastructure. Track resource consumption, especially water usage in water-scarce areas. Assess environmental damage from project activities and conflict-related factors. Evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation measures, adapting them to the changing local context. Consider long-term environmental sustainability in all interventions.UNGA Res 76/300; ICESCR Art. 1, 12; ICCPR Art. 1; IHL’s principles of humane treatment and non-discrimination; CIHL Rules 131, 134, 135, and 138; SPHERE Environmental Standards
3. Implementation3.11Right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment; Right to health; Right to developmentCross-CuttingDo No HarmNumber of IDP camps implementing waste management and resource consumption tracking systems, with quarterly reports on environmental impact mitigation.How effectively are environmental impacts being monitored and mitigated in Northwest Syria?Monitor waste management practices, particularly in IDP camps, track resource consumption, especially water usage in water-scarce areas, implement and adapt mitigation measures to the changing local context.UNGA Res 76/300; ICESCR Art. 1, 12; SPHERE Environmental Standards
3. Implementation3.12Right to adequate foodSector SpecificFood SecurityPercentage of food distribution points with established complaint mechanisms and documented adaptations to food baskets based on community feedback and nutritional assessments.How effectively are food security interventions being implemented with protection considerations specific to Northwest Syria?Ensure safe access routes for food distribution, considering conflict dynamics and checkpoint issues. Implement fair distribution mechanisms that prevent exploitation by local power holders. Establish robust complaint mechanisms accessible to all groups. Regularly assess and adapt food baskets to meet local preferences and nutritional needs. Consider cash/voucher programs where markets are functional.ICESCR Art. 11; IHL’s principles of humane treatment, non-discrimination, and impartiality; CIHL Rules 131, 134, 135, and 138; SPHERE Food Security Standards
3. Implementation3.13Right to water and sanitationSector SpecificWASHPercentage of WASH facilities with gender-sensitive designs and community-based maintenance systems, with biannual feedback collection from usersHow comprehensively are WASH services being implemented with protection considerations in Northwest Syria?Monitor safe access to WASH facilities, particularly for women and girls. Ensure gender sensitivity in facility design and placement. Implement community-based maintenance systems to ensure sustainability. Regularly collect and respond to community feedback on WASH services. Assess and mitigate environmental impacts of WASH interventions, particularly in water-scarce areas.ICESCR Art. 11, 12; IHL’s principles of humane treatment and non-discrimination; CIHL Rules 131, 134, 135, and 138; UNGA Res 64/292; SPHERE WASH Standards
3. Implementation3.14Right to educationSector SpecificEducationPercentage of schools implementing safety measures, including transportation safety protocols and documentation assistance programs, specifically addressing barriers for girls' education.How effectively are measures being implemented to ensure safe education access in Northwest Syria, with specific considerations for girls' safety and participation?Implement transportation safety measures, considering risks of attacks on schools. Ensure school protection measures are in place, including early warning systems and safe rooms. Address documentation barriers that prevent school enrollment, particularly for IDPs. Maintain education quality standards despite challenging circumstances. Address specific risks and barriers for girls' education, including early marriage, lack of female teachers, and cultural barriers. Implement measures to prevent and respond to sexual harassment or exploitation in educational settings.CRC Art. 28, 29; CEDAW Art. 10; IHL’s principles of distinction, humane treatment, and non-discrimination; CIHL Rules 131 and 135; ICESCR Art. 13; INEE Minimum Standards
3. Implementation3.15Right to healthSector SpecificHealthPercentage of health facilities conducting regular assessments of access barriers, including cost and cultural sensitivity, with integration of mental health services into primary healthcare.How comprehensively is the monitoring of health service access barriers being conducted in Northwest Syria?Regularly assess physical accessibility of health services, considering conflict-related movement restrictions. Monitor cost barriers to healthcare, including informal fees or transport costs. Evaluate quality of care across different types of health facilities. Assess integration of mental health and psychosocial support services into primary healthcare. Ensure cultural sensitivity in service provision, particularly regarding gender norms in healthcare access.ICESCR Art. 12; IHL’s principles of humane treatment and non-discrimination; CIHL Rules 55, 56, 134, 135, and 138; SPHERE Health Standards
3. Implementation3.16 Right to adequate housing;Right to private and family life; Right to water and sanitationSector SpecificShelterPercentage of constructed shelters meeting comprehensive standards: minimum Sphere requirements (3.5m² per person), verified HLP documentation, functional protection measures (insulation, waterproofing, ventilation), and accessibility features for persons with disabilities - measured through monthly technical and documentation assessments.How effectively are adequate housing standards being monitored and implemented in shelter interventions while ensuring proper documentation and environmental considerations in Northwest Syria?Begin by verifying proper HLP documentation for all construction sites, engaging legal experts when necessary to resolve land disputes. Monitor adherence to minimum Sphere standards, particularly the 3.5m² covered living space per person requirement. Ensure shelters provide adequate protection from weather conditions through proper insulation, waterproofing, and ventilation systems. Design must incorporate cultural sensitivity and privacy considerations, including separate spaces for families. Include specific adaptations for persons with disabilities, such as accessible entrances and facilities. Conduct environmental impact assessments before construction and implement mitigation measures throughout the project cycle. Establish community feedback mechanisms to monitor satisfaction with shelter conditions and respond to concerns. Regular technical assessments should verify structural integrity and maintenance needs. Consider long-term sustainability and transition planning, including capacity building for local maintenance.ICESCR Article 11(1); ICCPR Art. 17, 23; IHL’s principles of humane treatment and non-discrimination; CIHL Rules 50, 51, 52, 131, 134, 135, and 138; SPHERE Shelter and Settlement Standards UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement UNHCR Emergency Handbook Pinheiro Principles
4. Monitoring and Evaluation4.1Right to lifeSector SpecificProtectionPercentage of protection risks successfully mitigated as verified through monitoring data, with quarterly assessments and trend analysisHow comprehensively are protection risks specific to Northwest Syria being systematically monitored?Assess security incidents, access restrictions, and forced displacement patterns. Evaluate the effectiveness of risk reduction measures. Consider the impact of changing conflict dynamics on civilian protection.ICCPR Art. 6; UDHR Art. 3; IHL’s principles of humane treatment, non-discrimination, and impartiality; CIHL Rules 55 and 56; SPHERE Protection Principles
4. Monitoring and Evaluation4.2Right to private and family life Cross-CuttingDo No HarmPercentage increase in service access for vulnerable groups, measured semi-annually and disaggregated by group typeHow effectively is data being collected in a conflict-sensitive and protection-mainstreamed manner in Northwest Syria?Implement robust data protection protocols considering the sensitive nature of information in conflict zones. Ensure safe data sharing practices between humanitarian actors, taking into account the fragmented control of territory. Obtain informed consent from beneficiaries, explaining potential risks in the local context. Maintain strict confidentiality measures to protect individuals from retaliation by armed groups or authorities.ICCPR Art. 17, 23; SPHERE Protection Principles
4. Monitoring and Evaluation4.3Right to equality and non-discriminationCross-CuttingAAPPercentage of beneficiaries reporting satisfaction with non-discriminatory service delivery, assessed through monthly surveys with a target of 90% satisfaction rateHow thoroughly is there systematic tracking of vulnerable groups' access to services in Northwest Syria?Track access patterns for female-headed households, persons with disabilities, older people, IDPs in informal settlements, women, children, and ethnic/religious minorities. Consider specific barriers such as lack of documentation, movement restrictions, and discrimination by local authorities. Assess the impact of conflict dynamics on service accessibility for different groups.UDHR Art. 6, ICCPR Art. 3, 16 26; IHL’s principle of non-discrimination; CIHL Rules 131, 134, 135, and 138; SPHERE Protection Standards
4. Monitoring and Evaluation4.4Right of access to informationCross-CuttingAAPPercentage of service access cases enabled by alternative verification methods, tracked monthly with a target of 80% successful access rateHow accessible and effective are feedback and complaints mechanisms focused on human rights violations for all groups in Northwest Syria?Ensure multiple channels for reporting rights violations, considering limited internet access and security concerns. Provide options in local languages and dialects. Implement gender-sensitive approaches, recognizing cultural barriers for women. Establish clear procedures for addressing human rights-related complaints, with safeguards against retaliation. Consider the challenges of operating across areas controlled by different actors.ICCPR Art. 19; UDHR Art. 19; IHL’s principle of non-discrimination; CIHL Rule 134; SPHERE Core Standards
4. Monitoring and Evaluation4.5Multiple rightsCross-CuttingProtection MainstreamingConduct comprehensive human rights impact assessments for all of project activities bi-annually, with action plans developed within 30 days of assessmentHow comprehensive is the systematic documentation of human rights impacts in Northwest Syria?Document protection incidents, including attacks on civilians and civilian infrastructure. Record cases of denied humanitarian access. Track discrimination cases, particularly against IDPs or ethnic minorities. Assess positive impacts of humanitarian interventions on rights enjoyment. Identify unintended negative consequences of aid delivery on local dynamics. Consider the challenges of documentation in areas with limited access.UDHR Art. 6, ICCPR Art. 3, 16 26; IHL’s principles of distinction,humane treatment, non-discrimination, and impartiality; CIHL Rules 28, 35, 50, 55, and 56; CHS Commitment 5
4. Monitoring and Evaluation4.6Right to own property; Right to adequate housingSector SpecificShelter/HLPNumber of resolved HLP disputes through established project mechanismsHow effectively are Housing, Land and Property (HLP) rights being systematically monitored and evaluated in Northwest Syria?Establish HLP-specific feedback channels, document trends in HLP violations and their impact on return prospects for IDPs, integrate HLP-related questions in implementation monitoring.UDHR Art. 6, 17; ICESCR Art. 11(1), 16; CIHL Rules 50,51, 52, and 133; ICESCR CEDAW Art. 15, 16; CRPD Art. 12; OHCHR Guidelines; SPHERE Core Standards
4. Monitoring and Evaluation4.7Right of access to informationCross-CuttingAAPNumber of monitoring reports incorporating documented community feedback, disaggregated by age, gender, and vulnerability status, with evidence of implemented changes based on feedbackHow meaningfully are affected populations involved in project monitoring and evaluation in Northwest Syria?Implement community-based monitoring mechanisms, adapting to local power structures and security constraints. Use participatory evaluation methods that are culturally appropriate and conflict-sensitive. Document how community feedback influences project outcomes, ensuring transparency in decision-making. Ensure inclusion of marginalized groups in monitoring processes, overcoming barriers to participation.ICCPR Art. 19; UDHR Art. 19; Pinheiro Principles; IHL’s principles of impartiality and non-discrimination; CIHL Rules 134, 135, and 138; SPHERE Shelter and Settlement Standards
4. Monitoring and Evaluation4.8Freedom from torture, or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment; Protection from child labourCross-CuttingDo No HarmNumber of suppliers audited for human rights compliance within the last 12 months, with results documented and improvement plans implemented where necessary.How comprehensive is the ongoing monitoring of suppliers' human rights compliance in Northwest Syria?Monitor adherence to supplier code of conduct, considering the challenges of operating in a conflict zone. Track reports of rights violations in suppliers' operations or supply chains. Monitor changes in ownership or management that might affect human rights compliance. Regularly update conflict of interest declarations, considering the complex local power dynamics. Assess any connections between suppliers and armed groups or sanctioned entities.ICCPR Art. 7; UNCAT; ICESCR Art. 10(3); CRC Art. 32; IHL’s principles of humane treatment and non-discrimination; CIHL Rule 90; UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights; CHS Commitment 7; SPHERE Core Standards
4. Monitoring and Evaluation4.9Right to equality and non-discriminationSector SpecificProtectionPercentage of community feedback cases addressed and resolvedHow effectively are protection outcomes being measured in Northwest Syria?Evaluate how specific protection risks have been addressed, such as reduction in civilian casualties or improved safety in IDP camps. Assess improvements in humanitarian access to hard-to-reach areas. Analyze community feedback on protection interventions. Identify any unintended impacts of protection activities on conflict dynamics. Measure long-term effects on rights enjoyment, considering the protracted nature of the crisis.IHL’s principle of impartiality; CIHL Rules 55, 56, and 131
4. Monitoring and Evaluation4.1Right to equality and non-discriminationCross-CuttingGender, Equality and InclusionConduct bi-annual impact assessments on identified vulnerable groups, with action plans developed within 1 month to address negative impactsHow comprehensively is the impact on vulnerable groups being assessed in Northwest Syria?Assess improvements in service access for specific vulnerable groups, such as increased school enrollment for girls or improved healthcare access for persons with disabilities. Evaluate participation levels of marginalized groups in community decision-making. Analyze satisfaction rates with humanitarian assistance among different vulnerable populations. Identify remaining barriers to full rights enjoyment, considering the ongoing conflict context.UDHR Art. 1, 2; ICCPR Art. 2; IHL’s principles of impartiality and non-discrimination; CIHL Rules 134, 135, and 138; CHS Commitment 7; SPHERE Protection Principles
4. Monitoring and Evaluation4.11Right to adequate foodSector SpecificFood SecurityMonitor 95% of food assistance recipients monthly for access and usage, with adjustments made within 14 days for identified issuesHow effective are the systems to monitor equitable access to food assistance in Northwest Syria?Monitor market price fluctuations, considering the impact of conflict on local economies. Assess distribution equity across different areas, including hard-to-reach locations. Consider the impact of sieges or access restrictions on food security.ICESCR Art. 11; ; IHL’s principles of distinction and impartiality; CIHL Rules 53, 54, 55, and 56; SPHERE Food Security StandardsSPHERE Core Standards
4. Monitoring and Evaluation4.12Right to water and sanitationSector SpecificWASHConduct weekly WASH access monitoring in all IDP settlements, aiming for 90% of settlements meeting minimum standards within 3 monthsHow comprehensive is the systematic monitoring of WASH access in IDP settlements across Northwest Syria?Track water quality and quantity, considering the strain on resources due to displacement. Assess the functionality and safety of gender-sensitive WASH facilities. Monitor environmental impact of WASH interventions, particularly in water-scarce areas. Evaluate maintenance needs and community capacity for upkeep. Consider the specific WASH needs of persons with disabilities in camp settings.ICESCR Art. 11; IHL’s principles of impartiality, humane treatment, and non-discrimination; CIHL Rules 131, 134, 135, and 138; UNGA Res 64/292; SPHERE WASH Standards;
4. Monitoring and Evaluation4.13Right to healthSector SpecificHealthIdentify and address at least 5 major health service access barriers per quarter, with solutions implemented within 60 days of identificationHow thoroughly are health service access barriers being monitored in Northwest Syria?Assess physical accessibility of health services, considering conflict-related movement restrictions and damage to infrastructure. Monitor cost barriers to healthcare, including informal fees or transport costs. Evaluate quality of care across different types of health facilities, including mobile clinics. Assess integration of mental health and psychosocial support services into primary healthcare. Ensure cultural sensitivity in service provision, particularly regarding gender norms in healthcare access.ICESCR Art. 12; IHL’s principles of impartiality, non-discrimination, humane treatment and distinction; CIHL Rules 25, 26, 28, and 29, 55, 56, 134, 135, and 138.
4. Monitoring and Evaluation4.14Right to educationSector SpecificEducationConduct monthly education quality monitoring visits to all supported facilities, with improvement plans developed within 14 days for underperforming sitesHow comprehensive is the systematic monitoring of education quality in Northwest Syria, including specific considerations for girls?Monitor learning outcomes, considering the challenges of education in conflict settings. Assess teacher qualifications and support needs. Evaluate curriculum relevance and appropriateness for the local context. Monitor safety of learning environments, including protection from attacks on schools. Assess gender-specific barriers and risks to education, such as early marriage or lack of female teachers. Evaluate inclusive teaching practices, particularly for children with disabilities and from minority groups.CRC Art. 28, 29; ICESCR Art. 13; CEDAW Art. 10; IHL’s principle of distinction; CIHL Rules 7, 11, and 135; INEE Minimum Standards
4. Monitoring and Evaluation4.15 Right to adequate housing; Right to private and family life; Right to water and sanitationSector SpecificShelterPercentage of shelter projects meeting quality standards through: beneficiary satisfaction surveys (privacy, cultural appropriateness, accessibility), environmental impact compliance, and successful accommodation of vulnerable groups' needs - verified through quarterly monitoring assessments and disaggregated by gender and vulnerability status.How effectively are shelter interventions ensuring adequate housing standards, environmental sustainability, and accessibility for persons with disabilities in Northwest Syria?Shelter interventions must adhere to comprehensive standards to ensure they provide more than just basic protection. This involves ensuring that all shelters meet minimum Sphere standards for living space, privacy, and protection against environmental elements like cold, damp, and heat. It is crucial to verify Housing, Land, and Property (HLP) documentation to prevent disputes and ensure legal clarity. Environmental impact assessments should be conducted before construction, with mitigation measures implemented to minimize adverse effects. Shelters must be accessible to persons with disabilities, requiring timely modifications when needed. Regular monitoring should include community feedback mechanisms to assess satisfaction with privacy and cultural appropriateness. These efforts collectively aim to uphold the dignity and rights of displaced populations while promoting long-term sustainability and integration within local communities.ICESCR Article 11(1); ICCPR Art. 17, 23; IHL’s principles of humane treatment and non-discrimination; CIHL Rules 133, 134, 135, and 138; SPHERE Shelter and Settlement Standards UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement; UNHCR Emergency Handbook Pinheiro Principles
5. Exit and Transition5.1Right to life; Right to equality and non-discrimination;Cross-CuttingAAPPercentage of project activities with successful handover to local stakeholders, with 90% target completion rate within the final quarter of the projectHow comprehensive is the sustainability planning for the exit and transition phase in Northwest Syria?Develop exit strategies that empower local communities and institutions, plan for gradual handover of services to local actors or authorities, assess long-term impact of interventions on community resilience.UDHR Art. 1, 2; ICCPR Art. 6, 3, 26; CRC Art. 6; CHS Commitment 4; SPHERE Core Standards
5. Exit and Transition5.2Right to equality and non-discriminationCross-CuttingAAPPercentage of local partners demonstrating improved capacity in sustainable project management, assessed through pre- and post-training evaluations with a target of 75% improvementHow thoroughly is capacity building for transition being planned and implemented in Northwest Syria?Identify and strengthen local partners for sustainable service delivery, develop training programs for local staff and community leaders, plan for knowledge transfer to ensure continuity of essential services.UDHR Art. 1, 2; ICCPR Art. 6, 3, 26; CRC Art. 6; ICESCR Art. 2; CHS Commitment 3; SPHERE Core Standards
5. Exit and Transition5.3Multiple rightsCross-CuttingDo No HarmPercentage of beneficiaries reporting sustained access to services 6 months post-project, with a target of 80% sustained access rateHow comprehensively is conflict sensitivity being addressed in the transition planning for Northwest Syria?Assess potential impact of exit on local power dynamics and conflict, develop strategies to mitigate risks of renewed tensions or rights violations, plan for ongoing monitoring of human rights situation post-exit.ICESCR Art. 10, 11, 12, 19; ICCPR Art. 6; UDHR Art. 3; Do No Harm Principles; SPHERE Protection Principles
5. Exit and Transition5.4Right to equality and non-discriminationSector SpecificProtectionPercentage of target communities with at least one established and functioning rights protection initiative 3 months post-project, aiming for 70% coverageHow effectively are long-term rights protection measures being integrated into the exit strategy for Northwest Syria?Establish mechanisms for continued human rights monitoring after project end, develop advocacy strategies for ongoing protection of vulnerable groups, plan for long-term support to civil society and human rights defenders.UDHR Art. 1, 2; ICCPR Art. 6, 3, 26; CRC Art. 6; CHS Commitment 7; SPHERE Core Standards
5. Exit and Transition5.5Multiple rightsCross-CuttingProtectionDocument 100% of identified ongoing rights concerns, with action plans developed for 80% within 30 days of project closureHow thorough is the documentation of ongoing rights concerns in Northwest Syria?Document unresolved protection cases, ensuring sensitive information is securely stored. Identify continuing risks, particularly for vulnerable groups like IDPs, women, and minorities. Provide detailed mitigation recommendations that consider the complex political and security landscape. Include lessons learned on rights protection in the specific context of NW Syria to inform future interventions.IHL’s principles of humane treatment and non-discrimination; CIHL Rules 131, 134, 135, and 138; SPHERE Protection Principles; OHCHR Manual on Human Rights Monitoring; IASC Operational Guidelines on Human Rights and Natural Disasters
5. Exit and Transition5.6Multiple rightsSector SpecificProtectionPercentage of project infrastructure maintained by local authorities 1 year post-handover, with a target of 85% functionality rateHow comprehensive are the measures to protect rights during sudden emergencies in Northwest Syria?Develop rapid response mechanisms that can function in areas with limited access. Ensure protection mainstreaming across all emergency response sectors. Prioritize vulnerable groups in emergency planning, considering the specific risks faced by women, children, and persons with disabilities in the NW Syria context. Develop rights-based emergency protocols that can be quickly activated in case of sudden changes in conflict dynamics.IHL’s principles of humane treatment, non-discrimination, and impartiality; CIHL Rules 55, 56, 134, 135, and 138; SPHERE Core Standards; IASC Guidelines on the Protection of Internally Displaced Persons
5. Exit and Transition5.7Multiple rightsSector SpecificFood SecurityNumber of lessons learned documented and shared with humanitarian communityHow robust are the plans to ensure continuity of essential services during emergencies in Northwest Syria?Identify and prepare backup service providers, considering the potential for rapid changes in territorial control. Develop alternative delivery methods that can function under siege-like conditions. Preposition emergency resources in strategic locations, accounting for potential access constraints. Implement rights-based prioritization in emergency service provision to ensure the most vulnerable are not left behind.IHL’s principles of impartiality, humane treatment, and non-discrimination; CHIL Rules 55 and 56; CHS Commitment 2; ICESCR Art. 2, 11(1), 12; SPHERE Core Standards
5. Exit and Transition5.8Right to equality and non-discriminationCross-CuttingAAPPercentage of beneficiaries reporting improved resilience post-projectHow thoroughly do contingency plans incorporate human rights considerations specific to Northwest Syria?Address protection needs that may arise from sudden displacement or changes in conflict dynamics. Ensure plans for maintaining access to basic services under various scenarios of territorial control. Develop special measures for vulnerable groups, considering the heightened risks for women, children, and minorities in times of crisis. Incorporate non-discrimination principles in all contingency planning.IHL’s principles of impartiality and non-discrimination; CIHL Rules 134, 135, and 138; SPHERE Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards; ICCPR Art. 26; IASC Guidelines on Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Action
5. Exit and Transition5.9Right of access to informationCross-CuttingAAPNumber of local organizations demonstrating enhanced capacity in rights-based programmingHow meaningfully have affected populations been consulted in developing the exit strategy for Northwest Syria?Gather community input on sustainability measures, considering diverse perspectives from host communities and IDPs. Obtain feedback on handover plans, ensuring representation from marginalized groups. Document how community concerns are addressed in the exit strategy, with particular attention to protection risks and service continuity. Ensure consultation methods are conflict-sensitive and do not exacerbate local tensions.CIHL Rule 131; CHS Commitment 4; SPHERE Core Standards; ICCPR Art. 19; IASC Accountability to Affected Populations Commitments
5. Exit and Transition5.1Multiple rightsCross-CuttingDo No HarmPercentage of project activities successfully transitioned to local ownershipHow comprehensive is the plan for responsible transition of procurement relationships in Northwest Syria?Develop detailed handover plans for supplier relationships, considering the complex business environment in NW Syria. Transfer due diligence information securely, protecting sensitive data about local partners. Provide capacity building for local partners on responsible procurement, focusing on human rights and conflict sensitivity. Address any outstanding human rights issues with suppliers before exit, ensuring no unresolved violations are left behind.UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights; OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Business Conduct; CHS Commitment 9
5. Exit and Transition5.11Multiple rightsSector SpecificProtectionNumber of sustainable community-led initiatives established through project supportHow effectively are protection services transitioning in Northwest Syria?Develop comprehensive case management transfer plans, considering the fragmented protection actor landscape. Establish clear referral pathways that account for changing areas of control and access constraints. Provide targeted capacity support to local protection actors, focusing on both technical skills and ethical considerations. Ensure secure handover of sensitive documentation, protecting beneficiaries from potential retaliation.SPHERE Protection Standards
5. Exit and Transition5.12Right to equality and non-discriminationCross-CuttingGender, Equality and InclusionPercentage of environmental protection measures maintained by community post-projectHow sustainable are inclusion measures post-exit in Northwest Syria?Assess local capacity to maintain inclusive practices, considering potential resource constraints. Evaluate the availability of resources for continued support to vulnerable groups. Foster community ownership of inclusion initiatives, adapting to local cultural contexts. Identify ongoing support needs, particularly for persons with disabilities, women, and marginalized groups. Develop long-term accessibility plans that can be maintained in a resource-constrained environment.CRPD Art. 9, 19, CEDAW Art. 3; IHL’s principles of impartiality and non-discrimination; CIHL Rules 134, 135, and 138; SPHERE Standards
5. Exit and Transition5.13Right to adequate foodSector SpecificFood SecurityNumber of functional feedback mechanisms maintained by local stakeholdersHow comprehensive are the measures to ensure sustainable food security post-exit in Northwest Syria?Develop strategies for ongoing local market support, considering the impact of conflict on trade routes and agricultural production. Build community capacity in sustainable agriculture and food storage techniques. Establish alternative supply chains that can function under various conflict scenarios. Implement vulnerability reduction strategies, focusing on households most at risk of food insecurity due to displacement or loss of livelihoods.ICESCR Art. 11(1); SPHERE Food Security Standards
5. Exit and Transition5.14Right to water and sanitationSector SpecificWASHPercentage of protection mainstreaming measures integrated into local systemsHow robust is the plan for sustainable WASH service delivery post-exit in Northwest Syria?Build local maintenance capacity for WASH infrastructure, considering the challenges of accessing spare parts and technical expertise. Ensure availability of essential spare parts, accounting for potential supply chain disruptions. Establish community management structures for WASH facilities, adapting to local governance realities. Prioritize environmental sustainability in WASH solutions, considering the water scarcity issues in NW Syria.ICESCR Art. 11(1), 12; CIHL Rules 131, 134, 135, and 138; UNGA Res 64/292, SPHERE WASH Standards
5. Exit and Transition5.15Right to healthSector SpecificHealthNumber of community members trained in rights-based approaches maintaining active rolesHow comprehensive are the measures to ensure continued health service access post-exit in Northwest Syria?Develop detailed service handover plans, considering the fragmented health system and potential gaps in coverage. Build local capacity in both clinical skills and health system management. Ensure sustainability of medical supply chains, accounting for potential border closures or access restrictions. Maintain referral systems for specialized care, considering cross-line and cross-border options. Prioritize the integration of mental health services into primary healthcare, addressing the long-term psychological impacts of conflict.ICESCR Art. 12; IHL’s principles of impartiality and non-discrimination; IHL’s principles of impartiality and non-discrimination; CIHL Rules 55, 56, 134, 135, and 138.
5. Exit and Transition5.16Right to equality and non-discrimination;Cross-CuttingProtectionNumber of documented human rights lessons learned and best practices sharedHow comprehensive is the plan to transfer knowledge and skills related to cross-cutting themes to local partners and communities?Develop training programs for local organizations on gender-sensitive programming, protection mainstreaming, and environmental sustainability. Establish community-led committees to continue addressing cross-cutting issues post-exit. Create mentorship programs pairing international and local staff to ensure knowledge transfer. Develop context-specific guidance materials on maintaining progress in cross-cutting areas.CHS Commitment 3, 4; SPHERE Core Standards
5. Exit and Transition5.17Right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environmentCross-CuttingEnvironmental ProtectionPercentage of project activities with documented positive human rights impactsHow robust are the measures to ensure environmental sustainability of interventions post-exit?Develop local environmental management plans that can be maintained with limited resources. Train community members on sustainable resource management practices. Establish partnerships with local environmental organizations for ongoing monitoring and support. Ensure all infrastructure projects incorporate long-term environmental considerations.UNGA Res 76/300; SPHERE Environmental Standards

Right to life

The ICCPR states: “Every human being has the inherent right to life. This right shall be protected by law. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life”.112 The protection of the right to life is a prerequisite for the enjoyment of all other human rights.113

The right to life is “the supreme right from which no derogation is permitted, even in situations of armed conflict”.114

While IHL is the primary legal framework governing situations of armed conflict, international human rights law continues to apply in these settings.115 As the UN Human Rights Committee, the body responsible for interpreting and monitoring adherence to the ICCPR, explained, “both spheres of law are complementary, not mutually exclusive”.116

Consequently, the use of lethal force that is authorized, regulated, and compliant with IHL is, in principle, not considered arbitrary within the framework of Article 6 of the ICCPR. However, practices that are inconsistent – such as targeting civilians and civilian objects, conducting indiscriminate attacks, the use of human shields and failing to implement adequate precautions to prevent collateral death of civilians – violate Article 6 of the Covenant.

The right to life is inextricably linked to all other rights. It does not simply refer to the right to be alive, but rather the right to live a life in dignity, as envisioned by the UDHR and other international human rights instruments. Consider, for example, the deprivation of an individual of adequate water and sanitation, adequate housing, adequate food, and quality healthcare and education. Such an individual cannot plausibly be regarded as enjoying the right to life, as he or she is denied all the essentials for a dignified life. As such, abuses of other rights may in turn infringe on the right to life.

Humanitarians may inadvertently infringe on the right to life in several ways, typically through actions or inactions that unintentionally put partner communities at risk. Some examples include:

  • Distribution of food or medical supplies that are expired, contaminated, or unsafe.
  • Paying little to no regard to the needs of vulnerable groups, such as women, the elderly, or persons with disabilities. This may jeopardize their lives in the context of domestic violence in relation to educational programmes, or in the context of inadequate shelters with respect to persons with disabilities and the elderly.
  • Adopting procedures, such as stringent screening, vetting or complex registration processes, or security protocols, that inadvertently restrict or prevent access to lifesaving services.
  • A delayed response to emergencies—whether due to bureaucratic obstacles or logistical challenges—can significantly worsen suffering and lead to preventable loss of life. For instance, delays in delivering medical assistance can facilitate the spread of diseases, ultimately resulting in increased mortality rates.
  • Degrading the environment through waste mismanagement of improper handling of hazardous materials. This may pose long-term harm on the health and welfare of affected communities, and potentially lead to fatal health crises.

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Right to equality and non-discrimination;

Right to equality and non-discrimination(Art. 1 and 2 UDHR/Art. 3 ICCPR/Art. 26 ICCPR/ 1 CEDAW/Art. 5, 6, 7 CRPD)

The rights to equality and non-discrimination are the cornerstones of IHRL. Inherently connected with human dignity, they are fundamental to all human rights norms and principles. In its articles 1 and 2, the UDHR proclaims that everyone is equal in dignity and rights, and condemns discrimination on several grounds, as does the ICCPR.

The Human Rights Committee has defined “discrimination” as any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference which is based on any ground such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status, and which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by all persons, on an equal footing, of all rights and freedoms.

Certain groups are more vulnerable to discrimination than others, namely women and persons with disabilities. The Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) defines discrimination against women as "...any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field”.

The CRPD enshrines protections for persons with disabilities, including through explicit provisions pertaining to women, girls, and children.

Article 5 mandates that all people, regardless of disability, are entitled to equal protection and benefit of the law without discrimination. Humanitarians must be mindful not to exclude persons with disabilities from receiving aid, services, or protection, and should ensure reasonable accommodations are provided. This could mean offering accessible shelters, medical care, or ensuring that communication methods are adapted for those with hearing or visual impairments.

When it comes to women and girls with disabilities, Article 6 highlights their vulnerability to multiple forms of discrimination. Humanitarian NGOs should take specific measures to protect them, ensuring that aid distribution, safety protocols, and empowerment programmes do not further marginalize them or undermine their safety.

Article 7 places special emphasis on children with disabilities, requiring that their best interests be prioritized. Humanitarians should, to the extent possible, ensure that children with disabilities are given equal opportunities to access education, healthcare, and psychosocial support.

The Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities asserted that outdated approaches to disability, such as charity or medical models, are incompatible with the CPRD. These perspectives fail to recognize individuals with disabilities as full rights holders, and often perpetuate harmful stereotypes and stigmas.

The Committee also identifies four main forms of discrimination, which can occur individually or simultaneously:

  • “Direct discrimination” occurs when, in a similar situation, persons with disabilities are treated less favourably than other persons because of a different personal status in a similar situation for a reason related to a prohibited ground, such as disability. This form ofdiscrimination includes detrimental acts or omissions based on prohibited grounds where there is no comparable similar situation.
  • “Indirect discrimination” means that policies or practices appear neutral at face value but have a disproportionate negative impact on a person with a disability. It occurs when an opportunity that appears accessible in reality excludes certain persons owing to the fact that their status does not allow them to benefit from the opportunity itself.
  • “Denial of reasonable accommodation” constitutes discrimination if the necessary and appropriate modification and adjustments are denied and are needed to ensure the equal enjoyment or exercise of a human right or fundamental freedom. Not accepting an accompanying person or refusing to otherwise accommodate a person with a disability are examples of denial of reasonable accommodation;
  • “Harassment” is a form of discrimination when unwanted conduct related to disability or other prohibited grounds takes place with the purpose or effect of violating the dignity of a person and of creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating, or offensive environment. It can happen through actions or words that have the effect of perpetuating the difference and oppression of persons with disabilities.

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Right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment

Right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment(UNGA Res 76/300)

The right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment (R2HE) was formally recognized by the UN Human Rights Council in 2021 and the UN General Assembly in 2022.

As regards the scope and content of R2HE, the substantive elements include:

  •   clean air;
  •   a safe and stable climate;
  •   access to safe water and adequate sanitation;
  •   healthy and sustainably produced food;
  •   non-toxic environments in which to live, work, study and play; and
  •   healthy biodiversity and ecosystems.

The procedural elements of R2HE include:

  •   access to information;
  •   the right to participate in decision-making; and
  •   access to justice and effective remedies, including the secure exercise of these rights free from reprisals and retaliation.

The international recognition of R2HE raises the profile of environmental protection and underscores the relationship between the environment and human rights; human rights and the environment are interdependent, and a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment is necessary for the full enjoyment of a wide range of human rights.

Humanitarian NGOs should ensure respect for this right by identifying and preventing risks posed to the environment by their activities across sectors, including in shelter, health, and WASH.


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Freedom from torture, or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment

Freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment (Art. 7 ICCPR)

The prohibition of torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment is found in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the ICCPR, and the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (UNCAT). The purpose of the prohibition is to protect the inherent dignity of the individual.

Article 7 of the ICCPR states: “No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment”.

The Article proscribes three types of behaviour. A person may not be subjected to:

  • Torture
  • Treatment or punishment which is cruel and inhuman
  • Treatment or punishment which is degrading.

This means that the prohibition contained in Article 7 of the ICCPR may still be violated if the torture threshold is not met, by, for instance, the perpetration of degrading treatment.

The UNCAT defines torture as:

any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions.

Inhuman treatment or punishment is treatment which causes intense physical or mental suffering. Degrading treatment refers to treatment that is extremely humiliating and undignified.
Inhuman or degrading treatment could include:

  • serious physical assault
  • serious physical or psychological abuse in a health or care setting
  • threatening to torture someone, if the threat is real and immediate

The prohibition relates not only to acts that cause physical pain, but also to acts that cause mental suffering to the victim

The prohibition of torture, cruel, inhuman, or degrading punishment is absolute, meaning that is a non-derogable right. It is also a peremptory norm of international law (or ‘jus cogens’ norm), meaning it is an international legal norm from which no derogation is permitted. Furthermore, the commission of torture itself constitutes a stand-alone international crime.

Humanitarian NGOs must ensure that neither their operations, services, nor contractual partners are directly or indirectly involved in violating the prohibition against torture and other forms of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment. Such abuses may occur by providing inadequate or substandard medical care, for instance, under duress or without informed consent. Forced treatment or failure to address pain or trauma in humanitarian settings can amount to degrading treatment. This would also include the lack of or subpar treatment of detainees, or individuals with opposing political views to the governing bodies. Abuses may also manifest by neglecting the needs of vulnerable groups, such as persons with disabilities, women, or children, particularly when shelters are overcrowded and lack sanitation facilities. Failure to implement and uphold protection measures to prevent or address exploitation and abuse may also result in violating the prohibition on torture, cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment.


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Right to an adequate standard of living

The right to an adequate standard of living(ICESCR Art. 11): includes, but is not limited to, the rights to:

  • adequate food
  • adequate housing

The right to adequate food

The human right to adequate food is crucial for the enjoyment of all rights. The UN Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (CESCR) affirmed that the right to adequate food is “indivisibly linked to the inherent dignity of the human person and is indispensable for the fulfillment of other human rights”. This right is realized, according to the CESCR, “when every man, woman, and child, alone or in community with others, have physical and economic access at all times to adequate food or means for its procurement”. As such, the right to adequate food should not be interpreted restrictively by equating it with a minimum number of calories or nutrients.

The core content of the right to adequate food comprises:

  • The availability of food in a quantity and quality sufficient to satisfy the dietary needs of individuals, free from adverse substances, and acceptable within a given culture;
  • The accessibility of such food in ways that are sustainable and that do not interfere with the enjoyment of other human rights

The right to adequate food may be impacted by environmental damage and degradation. For example, destroying agricultural land impairs the enjoyment of the right to food, especially for land users. Humanitarian NGOs may infringe on this right by, for example, building shelters or residential complexes on agricultural land.

The right to adequate housing

The human right to adequate housing is also essential for the enjoyment of all rights, including the right to work, health, and education.

The right to housing should not be interpreted in a narrow or restrictive sense which confines it simply to, for instance, a roof over one’s head. Rather, the right should be interpreted expansively to mean the right to live somewhere in security, peace and dignity. This is on the basis that “the inherent dignity of the human person” is a fundamental premise from which the rights of the Covenant derive.

Relatedly, the concept of adequacy is a central component of this right. As both the Commission on Human Settlements and the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000 have elaborated: “Adequate shelter means…adequate privacy, adequate space, adequate security, adequate lighting and ventilation, [and] adequate basic infrastructure”. Adequacy also comprises the possession of “a degree of security of tenure which guarantees legal protection against forced eviction, harassment and other threats”.

The provision of shelter per se, therefore, may not meet the standards of the right to adequate housing. This may particularly be the case in IDP camps, which are often overcrowded and dilapidated. This in turn may negatively impact safety and sanitation, for example, affecting in particular women and girls.


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Freedom of movement

Right to freedom of movement (Art. 12 ICCPR/Art. 13 UDHR)

Article 12(1) of the ICCPR mandates the right to liberty of movement, ensuring that everyone lawfully within a state’s territory can move freely within it. Article 12(2), further, establishes that everyone shall be free to leave any country, including their own.

Freedom of movement is an “indispensable condition for the free development of a person”, the Human Rights Committee explains. Article 12(1) entitles all persons to move from one place to another, as well as to establish themselves in a place of their choice. The enjoyment of this right is independent of any particular purpose or reason for the person wanting to move or to stay in a place.

The rights guaranteed in this provision must be protected from both public and private interference. This means that non-state actors, such as private citizens, humanitarian NGOs, and businesses, should respect the right to freedom of movement. For example, the right of women to move freely and choose their residence must not be made subject to the decision of another person, either by law or practice. Article 15 of CEDAW establishes that men and women shall have equal rights in legal matters related to movement.

The Human Rights Committee further affirmed that the right to reside in a place of one’s choice within the territory includes protection against all forms of forced internal displacement. Article 12 also precludes preventing the entry or stay of persons in a certain part of the territory.

Article 12(3) provides for exceptional circumstances in which rights under Articles 12(1) and 12(2) may be restricted. This provision authorizes the State to restrict these rights on the grounds of national security, public order, public health or morals, and the rights and freedoms of others. However, and in line with Article 4(1) of the ICCPR, the application of restrictions needs to be consistent with the other rights guaranteed in the ICCPR and with the fundamental principles of equality and non-discrimination. Article 26 of the ICCPR, for instance, enshrines the right to equality before the law, guaranteeing that all individuals are entitled to legal protections without discrimination. Restricting the rights enshrined in Article 12, paragraphs 1 and 2 on the basis of ethnicity, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, or other similar status, would therefore be in violation of the Covenant.

Humanitarian NGOs should ensure that their operations are not posing restrictions on individuals’ and communities’ right to freedom of movement, nor are their activities or programmes condoning or reinforcing restrictions on anyone’s movements. This is particularly pertinent in relation to women. NGOs must also verify that any third parties with whom they are engaged, such as ANSAs, businesses, or other NGOs, are not involved in any such practices.


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Right to own property

Right to own property(Art. 17 UDHR, Art. 15(2) and 16(1)(h) CEDAW, Art. 12(5) of CRPD)

The right to property is inherently linked to other human rights, including the right to equality and non-discrimination. Pursuant to the UDHR:

  1. Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.
  2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.

Under the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, women enjoy “equal rights to conclude contracts and to administer property and shall treat them equally in all stages of procedure in courts and tribunals”. The Convention also stipulates that women shall be ensured, on the basis of equality of men and women, the same rights as their spouses with respect to “the ownership, acquisition, management, administration, enjoyment and disposition of property”.

Women’s rights to property are essential for realizing their rights to equality and to an adequate standard of living, among many other rights. The realization of these rights supports their independence and autonomy, and enables them to provide for their families. Denial of these rights has major implications for women’s enjoyment of the right to equality, health, food, housing, water, among others.

Persons with disabilities are also accorded specific protections with respect to their rights to property. Under the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the equal right of persons with disabilities to own or inherit property and to control their own financial affairs must be ensured. Persons with disabilities must also be protected against arbitrary deprivations of their property.

Further, Principle 21(3) of the UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement states: “Property and possessions left behind by internally displaced persons should be protected against destruction and arbitrary and illegal appropriation, occupation or use”. The right to property may inadvertently be abused in cases of land requisition for the purposes of building shelters, particularly when proper human rights due diligence is not carried out to ascertain property ownership.


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Right to adequate housing

The right to adequate housing

The human right to adequate housing is also essential for the enjoyment of all rights, including the right to work, health, and education.

The right to housing should not be interpreted in a narrow or restrictive sense which confines it simply to, for instance, a roof over one’s head. Rather, the right should be interpreted expansively to mean the right to live somewhere in security, peace and dignity. This is on the basis that “the inherent dignity of the human person” is a fundamental premise from which the rights of the Covenant derive.

Relatedly, the concept of adequacy is a central component of this right. As both the Commission on Human Settlements and the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000 have elaborated: “Adequate shelter means…adequate privacy, adequate space, adequate security, adequate lighting and ventilation, [and] adequate basic infrastructure”. Adequacy also comprises the possession of “a degree of security of tenure which guarantees legal protection against forced eviction, harassment and other threats”.

The provision of shelter per se, therefore, may not meet the standards of the right to adequate housing. This may particularly be the case in IDP camps, which are often overcrowded and dilapidated. This in turn may negatively impact safety and sanitation, for example, affecting in particular women and girls.


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Right to education

Right to education (Art. 13 ICESCR/Art. 28 CRC)

Education is both a human right in itself and an integral means of realizing other human rights.

Education has the power to lift marginalized groups out of poverty, equip them with the necessary tools to secure their livelihoods, and foster their participation in their communities. It plays a key role in empowering women, safeguarding children from exploitative and hazardous labour and sexual exploitation, and promoting human rights.

To ensure this right is upheld, education must meet four key standards: availability, accessibility, acceptability, and adaptability. Educational facilities must be available and equipped with trained teachers and basic resources. Access must be guaranteed for all, including marginalized and displaced groups, ensuring safety and inclusion. Education must be culturally relevant, trauma-sensitive, and of good quality, while remaining adaptable to the changing needs of affected populations. Moreover, education should be free from discrimination and responsive to the diverse needs of students and their communities. Importantly, parents and guardians have the right to ensure their children's education aligns with their moral and religious convictions, as long as educational programmes remain unbiased and respectful of diverse beliefs.

This right may be unintentionally infringed upon by, for example, delivering educational programmes which fail to accommodate the needs of children with disabilities, such as by not equipping schools with ramps or accessible material. Failing to ensure cultural relevance and sensitivity in educational material may also constitute a failure to respect the right to education. Similarly, making educational programmes inaccessible to displaced populations in remote, rural areas may also infringe on the right to education. This may particularly be the case for girls in such areas who are unable to make long journeys owing to security concerns.


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Protection from child labour

Protection from child labour(ICESCR Art. 10(3); Art. 32 CRC)

Children have the right to be protected from child labour – that is to say, from “economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development”, as per the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

Child labour obstructs the fulfilment of a child’s right to education, health, play (among other rights), endangers their mental, emotional, and physical welfare, and interferes with their development on multiple levels in the short- and long-term. This includes hindering their educational progress and adversely affecting their future livelihood opportunities.

Humanitarian NGOs may inadvertently infringe upon this protection in cases of failure to properly vet third parties they are in a contractural relationship with, such as in the context of procurement. Humanitarian NGOs must conduct robust HRDD to ensure that their suppliers and partners are not implicated in child labour practices.


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Right to health

Right to health

Article 12 of the ICESCR enshrines the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, as is conducive to living a life in dignity, is fundamentally connected to all other human rights. Persons with disabilities, pursuant to Article 25 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), are also entitled to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health without discrimination on the basis of disability.

The CESCR explains that this right should not be understood simply as the right to be healthy. Rather, it contains freedoms and entitlements, encompassing a broad spectrum of socio-economic factors that create conditions for individuals to lead healthy lives. This right also includes essential determinants of health, such as access to food and nutrition, housing, safe drinking water, proper sanitation, healthy working conditions, and a healthy environment.

According to the CESCR, “[t]he freedoms include the right to control one’s health and body, including sexual and reproductive freedom, and the right to be free from interference, such as the right to be free from non-consensual medical treatment. By contrast, the entitlements include the right to a system of health protection which provides equality of opportunity for people to enjoy the highest attainable level of health”.

Health facilities, goods, and services must be accessible to all, especially the most vulnerable or marginalized groups, without discrimination. “All health facilities, goods, and services must be respectful of medical ethics and culturally appropriate”. In other words, they must be respectful of the culture of individuals, minorities, and communities, sensitive to gender and life-cycle requirements, as well as respectful of confidentiality.

Furthermore, health facilities, goods and services must also be scientifically and medically appropriate and of good quality. This requires, inter alia, skilled medical personnel, scientifically approved and unexpired drugs and hospital equipment, safe and potable water, and adequate sanitation.

Humanitarian NGOs risk abusing the right to health by, for example, providing low quality healthcare, medical partiality, or inequitably distributing medicines or vaccines. The right to health may also be adversely impacted by environmental harm, which may be posed by inadequate sewage systems or unsustainable waste disposal practices. IDPs living in formal and informal settlements risk contracting infectious diseases due to the lack of operational wastewater networks.


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Right of access to information

Right of access to information(Art. 19 ICCPR/Art 19 UDHR)

Article 19 of the ICCPR enshrines the right to freedom of expression, and stipulates that this right shall include “freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds”.

The right of access to information is a fundamental element of the right to freedom of expression. It refers, in part, to the general right of the public to have access to information of public interest from a variety of sources. It also applies towards international organizations, such as the United Nations. The right arguably also applies to humanitarian NGOs due to the nature of their operations and their ability to impact communities.

The right of access to information can serve as a bulwark against abusive practices and policies that affect people’s and the environment’s welfare. Humanitarian NGOs can respect this right by ensuring information is accessible to individuals and communities, establishing communication channels, and enabling the participation of affected communities in the provision of feedback on planned projects or activities.


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Right to development

Right to development (Art. 1(1) ICESCR/ICCPR)

Both Articles 1(1) of the ICCPR and the ICESCR respectively state: “All peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development”.

The 1986 Declaration on the Right to Development further affirms that the right to development is “an inalienable human right by virtue of which every human person and all peoples are entitled to participate in, contribute to, and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political development”.

The UN Special Rapporteur on the right to development has elaborated that the right comprises three elements and four facets. The three elements are the ability of human beings to “participate in”, “contribute to”, and “enjoy” the right to development. The four facets are: economic, social, cultural, and political development. Pursuing these four facets together provides a pathway to realizing all human rights and fundamental freedoms. In addition, one can derive four overarching principles of the right to development from the 1986 Declaration and other relevant instruments: self-determination, intersectionality, intergenerational equity and fair distribution.

Environmental degradation poses considerable risks to the enjoyment of the right to development by depleting resources critical for livelihoods and sustainable growth. In  Syria, years of conflict have exacerbated environmental damage, with widespread deforestation, contamination of water sources, and the destruction of agricultural land, limiting recovery and sustainable development. These issues disproportionately affect displaced communities, whose reliance on natural resources for income and sustenance is vital, further entrenching poverty and inequality. Additionally, climate change impacts, such as prolonged droughts, intensify these challenges, hindering the country's ability to rebuild equitably.

As such, the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development states that individuals and communities should have appropriate access to information concerning the environment, as well as the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes. Actors who produce information about humanitarian or early recovery projects should provide that information transparently.

Causing or contributing to environmental harm and degradation poses serious risks to the human right to development. These environmental harms compromise the ability of affected communities to achieve sustainable livelihoods, access clean water, and maintain agricultural practices. Humanitarian actors should ensure that their activities do not exacerbate these risks by, for instance, carrying out environmental impact assessments as part of the HRDD process.


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Right to water and sanitation

Right to water and sanitation( 11(1) ICESCR/UNGA Res 64/292)

The human right to water is enshrined in Article 11(1) of the ICESCR. Although the provision lacks an explicit reference to water, the CESCR has elaborated that “the right to water clearly falls within the category of guarantees essential for securing an adequate standard of living, particularly since it is one of the most fundamental conditions for survival”. The human rights to water and sanitation were also  recognized by the UN General Assembly in Resolution 64/292 “as a human right that is essential for the full enjoyment of life and all human rights”.

As the CESCR expounded, the “human right to water entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic uses”. The right to water encompasses “the right to be free from arbitrary disconnections or contamination of water supplies”.

When it comes to low quality IDP housing, for example, there is a high risk of water scarcity resulting from these projects. This is due to the fact that the demands of construction place significant pressure on water resources in areas that already suffer from water shortages, further impairing affected communities’ right to adequate water and sanitation.


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Right to private and family life

Right to private and family life(Art. 17 and 23 ICCPR)

The ICCPR provides protection for family and privacy in two of its articles:

Article 17 protects individuals from arbitrary or unlawful interference with their privacy and from unlawful attacks on their honor and reputation. It stipulates that everyone has a right to the protection of the law against such interferences or attacks. Article 23 recognizes the family as a unit that is deserving of protection by society and the state.

In the view of the Human Rights Committee, Article 17 must be guaranteed against all interferences and attacks, whether they emanate from State authorities or from natural or legal persons. The Committee deems the term “unlawful” interference to mean any interference that is not envisaged by the law, “…which itself must comply with the provisions, aims and objectives of the Covenant”. Any such law must comply with the provisions, aims, and objectives of the ICCPR. In this regard, it is important to acknowledge that “arbitrary interference” can also extend to interference provided for under the law.

Article 17 also affords protection to personal honour and reputation. The Human Rights Committee underscores that provision must be made for everyone effectively to be able to protect him or herself against any unlawful attacks that do occur, and to provide for effective remedy against those responsible accordingly.

With regard to privacy, “every individual should have the right to ascertain in an intelligible form, whether, and if so, what personal data is stored in automatic data files, and for what purposes”, in the Human Rights Committee’s view. The Committee makes clear that every individual should also be able to ascertain which public authorities, private individuals or bodies control or may control their files. If any files contain incorrect personal data or have been collected or processed contrary to the legal provisions, every individual should have the right to request rectification or elimination. Humanitarian NGOs should ensure that their data collection protocols protect the rights of data subjects.

Equally relevant in relation to the right to privacy is the enjoyment of privacy in the context of housing and shelter. NGOs should ensure that such accommodations respect residents’ right to privacy, including but not limited to the provision of a sufficient number of rooms and restroom facilities according to the number of residents.


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Right to adequate food

The Right to adequate food

The human right to adequate food is crucial for the enjoyment of all rights. The UN Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (CESCR) affirmed that the right to adequate food is “indivisibly linked to the inherent dignity of the human person and is indispensable for the fulfillment of other human rights”. This right is realized, according to the CESCR, “when every man, woman, and child, alone or in community with others, have physical and economic access at all times to adequate food or means for its procurement”. As such, the right to adequate food should not be interpreted restrictively by equating it with a minimum number of calories or nutrients.

The core content of the right to adequate food comprises:

  • The availability of food in a quantity and quality sufficient to satisfy the dietary needs of individuals, free from adverse substances, and acceptable within a given culture;
  • The accessibility of such food in ways that are sustainable and that do not interfere with the enjoyment of other human rights

The right to adequate food may be impacted by environmental damage and degradation. For example, destroying agricultural land impairs the enjoyment of the right to food, especially for land users. Humanitarian NGOs may infringe on this right by, for example, building shelters or residential complexes on agricultural land.


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Right to an effective remedy

Right to an effective remedy (Art 8 UDHR; Art. 2(3) ICCPR; Art. 14 UNCAT)

A cornerstone of IHRL, the right to an effective remedy ensures that individuals who have suffered violations of their rights are able to access redress. Article 2(3) of the ICCPR mandates that states must provide effective remedies to those whose rights have been violated. This includes providing access to competent authorities, a fair trial, and compensation where necessary. Similarly, Article 14 of UNCAT ensures that victims of torture and ill-treatment have the right to an effective remedy, which includes the right to an impartial investigation, the ability to obtain compensation, and the right to reparation. Article 8 of the UDHR reinforces the principle that access to remedy is a fundamental human right.

Humanitarian NGOs may infringe on the right to an effective remedy by not providing adequate avenues for partner communities to seek redress for violations of their rights. For instance, NGOs might fail to ensure that individuals have access to judicial or non-judicial mechanisms to address grievances related to aid distribution, shelter, or protection. Without proper complaint mechanisms, those affected by human rights abuses may have no recourse for accountability.

In some cases, NGOs may also inadvertently support the perpetuation of injustice by failing to address discrimination or exclusion within their programmes. For example, in cases where aid is allocated based on criteria that exclude certain vulnerable groups (e.g., undocumented individuals), these affected persons may be denied access to remedy. Additionally, partnerships with local authorities or militias that have been involved in rights violations could further limit avenues for grievance redress for beneficiaries. As highlighted in the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, ensuring access to effective remedy requires comprehensive grievance mechanisms that are accessible, transparent, and independent, which humanitarian NGOs should prioritize.


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Freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment

Freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment (Art. 7 ICCPR)

The prohibition of torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment is found in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the ICCPR, and the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (UNCAT). The purpose of the prohibition is to protect the inherent dignity of the individual.

Article 7 of the ICCPR states: “No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment”.

The Article proscribes three types of behaviour. A person may not be subjected to:

  • Torture
  • Treatment or punishment which is cruel and inhuman
  • Treatment or punishment which is degrading.

This means that the prohibition contained in Article 7 of the ICCPR may still be violated if the torture threshold is not met, by, for instance, the perpetration of degrading treatment.

The UNCAT defines torture as:

any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions.

Inhuman treatment or punishment is treatment which causes intense physical or mental suffering. Degrading treatment refers to treatment that is extremely humiliating and undignified.
Inhuman or degrading treatment could include:

  • serious physical assault
  • serious physical or psychological abuse in a health or care setting
  • threatening to torture someone, if the threat is real and immediate

The prohibition relates not only to acts that cause physical pain, but also to acts that cause mental suffering to the victim.

The prohibition of torture, cruel, inhuman, or degrading punishment is absolute, meaning that is a non-derogable right. It is also a peremptory norm of international law (or ‘jus cogens’ norm), meaning it is an international legal norm from which no derogation is permitted. Furthermore, the commission of torture itself constitutes a stand-alone international crime.

Humanitarian NGOs must ensure that neither their operations, services, nor contractual partners are directly or indirectly involved in violating the prohibition against torture and other forms of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment. Such abuses may occur by providing inadequate or substandard medical care, for instance, under duress or without informed consent. Forced treatment or failure to address pain or trauma in humanitarian settings can amount to degrading treatment. This would also include the lack of or subpar treatment of detainees, or individuals with opposing political views to the governing bodies. Abuses may also manifest by neglecting the needs of vulnerable groups, such as persons with disabilities, women, or children, particularly when shelters are overcrowded and lack sanitation facilities. Failure to implement and uphold protection measures to prevent or address exploitation and abuse may also result in violating the prohibition on torture, cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment.


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Recruitment of Child Soldiers

Protection from forced recruitment or participation of children in hostilities

IHL prohibits the recruitment of children into armed forces or armed groups. No child under the age of 15 shall be enlisted in armed forces or groups, nor engaged in hostilities. When recruiting individuals aged 15 to 18, Parties to the conflict shall make every effort to prioritize the oldest within this age group.

Humanitarian NGOs must avoid inadvertently enabling environments where such abuses occur and should perform comprehensive due diligence on third parties prior to partnering with them.


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Protection from child marriage

Protection from child marriage(Art. 16 and 34 CRC; Art. 16(2) CEDAW)

Children have the right to be protected from marriage. Child marriage constitutes a violation of multiple human rights, including the right to education and health. Article 16 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child emphasizes the right of children to be free from arbitrary or unlawful interferences with their privacy, family, home or correspondence, which must be interpreted to include early marriage. Article 34 of the CRC obliges states to take steps to prevent sexual exploitation, which is often linked to child marriage. CEDAW’s Article 16(2) calls for a minimum marriage age to protect women and girls from early marriages.

Humanitarian NGOs may inadvertently infringe upon the protection of children from early marriage by either directly supporting harmful practices, such as facilitating dowries or marriage arrangements, or indirectly neglecting to address cultural norms that perpetuate child marriage. Without safeguards and culturally sensitive programming, NGOs may fail to challenge child marriage within the communities they serve or even collaborate with local authorities who condone it, further legitimizing the practice. To mitigate this, NGOs must implement child protection measures and ensure gender-sensitive programming.


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